NetWork
Some Reflections on Improving the System of National Laboratories in China
LIU Yingtao;WANG Fanghong;JIN Kaicheng;[Objective] Against the backdrop of accelerating global changes and fierce international technological competition， the Third Plenary Session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China emphasized "strengthening the construction of national strategic scientific and technological forces and improving the national laboratory system." As a core pillar of China's new-type whole-nation system and a leading force in national strategic science and technology， national laboratories shoulder the dual missions of safeguarding national security and promoting high-quality development. This paper aims to address the current challenges in China's national laboratory development， such as inadequate institutional supply， imperfect coordination mechanisms， and single funding sources， and explore systematic optimization paths to provide theoretical and practical references for improving the national laboratory system. [Methods]Through a comprehensive analysis of the construction progress， positioning connotations， and existing problems of China's national laboratories， this study adopts a combination of literature research， comparative analysis， and systematic thinking. The research focuses on exploring the coordinated development of multiple relationships， including institutional setup and mechanism innovation， stock resources and incremental development， and independent research and collaborative innovation， and proposes targeted optimization strategies for external management systems and internal operational mechanisms. [Results]Consensus has been reached on the core positioning of national laboratories: they are strategic core scientific and technological forces embodying national will， focusing on basic research and key core technology tackling， and playing the role of "general platform" and "general chain leader" in resource coordination. The study proposes that improving the system requires balancing six key relationships， strengthening institutional supply in external management (task formation， collaboration， element guarantee， assessment) and internal operation (resource allocation， talent management， achievement transformation)， and promoting the integration of innovation chains， industrial chains， capital chains， and talent chains. [Conclusions] Improving China's national laboratory system is a complex and long-term systematic project. It is necessary to adhere to top-level design and market-oriented operation， clarify the boundary of autonomy while strengthening supervision， establish a stable and diversified funding mechanism， and build a scientific assessment system oriented to long-term goals and national missions. Through institutional innovation and mechanism optimization， national laboratories can fully exert their leading role in original innovation and key technology breakthroughs， promote the development of new quality productive forces， and provide strong support for China's transformation from a major scientific and technological country to a powerful one and the safeguarding of national strategic interests.
Design of a testing scheme for power conversion efficiency in organic solar cells
WANG Shanshan;LUAN Shiqi;ZHOU Yuting;DU Jianxin;[Objective] This research addresses the critical limitations of conventional organic solar cells(OSCs) testing methodologies， which exhibit considerable inaccuracies and poor reproducibility due to shared indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes， nonuniform light illumination， and inefficient device layouts. These issues lead to unreliable photovoltaic parameter measurements， hindering meaningful performance evaluation and industrial scalability. [Methods] To overcome these challenges， we designed an innovative testing system consisting of a multidevice ITO substrate with independent electrodes， a precision shadow mask， and a reverse back-pressure probe apparatus. This integrated approach ensures consistent probe contact， fixed illumination geometry， and minimized interdevice interference， thereby substantially improving measurement accuracy， data parallelism， and operational efficiency. Our work provides a robust， standardized testing platform essential for advancing OSCs research， optimizing materials， and accelerating the transition toward commercial applications. To elaborate， the redesigned ITO substrate features multiple discretely and uniformly distributed device units， each with independent anode and cathode electrodes to eliminate shared ITO resistance effects and interdevice interference during measurement. The corresponding shadow mask facilitates the fabrication of well-defined cathode layers via thermal evaporation. The core measurement innovation is the reverse back-pressure probe apparatus that replaces traditional manual clamping. It incorporates six independent probe sets (each with anode and cathode contacts) aligned using eight pairs of neodymium magnets for rapid， precise， and repeatable positioning. The proposed system includes calibrated alignment marks and fixed-size optical windows to ensure uniform light exposure from the solar simulator， eliminating spatial inhomogeneity errors. Each probe set contacts the electrode pads at identical distances， thereby minimizing variations in series resistance. Validation was performed using the D18:L8-BO system， comparing performance parameters (JSC， UOC， FF， and PCE) obtained from traditional linear-substrate devices and the new discrete-substrate devices. Statistical analysis of efficiency distributions and standard deviations confirmed enhanced accuracy， parallelism， and reproducibility. [Results] The novel testing system demonstrated exceptional performance improvements over conventional methods. Devices fabricated on the new ITO substrate with independent electrodes showed remarkable parameter consistency， with the PCE standard deviation reduced to 0.057% compared with 0.24% in traditional linear layouts. The reverse back-pressure probe system enabled rapid， simultaneous testing of six devices with perfect contact reproducibility， eliminating distance-dependent efficiency attenuation. Crucially， the discrete device distribution provided significant insights into the uniformity of the active layer across large areas. This integrated approach achieved breakthroughs in testing accuracy， throughput， and reliability， enabling the publication of high-efficiency OSCs research with industrial-grade validation capabilities. The proposed system design effectively resolved the issues of shared-electrode interference and illumination inhomogeneity in OSCs characterization. [Conclusions] This study successfully developed and validated an innovative testing system that fundamentally addresses long-standing challenges in OSCs characterization. By integrating a discrete-electrode substrate， precision mask， and reverse back-pressure probe apparatus， we achieved unprecedented measurement accuracy， device-to-device consistency， and operational efficiency. Furthermore， the system eliminates key error sources such as shared-electrode interference， probe-distance variability， and light inhomogeneity. This breakthrough provides a robust platform for reliable high-throughput OSCs performance evaluation， ultimately accelerating research reproducibility and bridging critical gaps toward the industrial-scale development and validation of organic photovoltaic technologies.
Study on the upconversion luminescence properties of Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped La2O3-TiO2-Gd2O3 glasses by aerodynamic containerless technique
YU Huimei;JIANG Mingda;ZHANG Minghui;DONG Xu;TENG Xin;[Objective] Containerless levitation technology， originally developed for simulating microgravity conditions in space， has emerged as a pivotal method for preparing advanced materials free from container-induced contamination and heterogeneous nucleation. This technique is particularly valuable for synthesizing heavy-metal oxide glasses， which are difficult to obtain via conventional melting methods due to their poor glass-forming ability and the requirement for rapid cooling. This study aims to employ aerodynamic levitation to fabricate novel Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped La2O3-TiO2-Gd2O3(LTG) glasses and systematically investigate the influence of Gd2O3 concentration on their thermal stability and upconversion luminescence properties. The research seeks to develop high-performance upconversion materials with potential applications in solid-state lasers， optical temperature sensors， and biological labeling. [Methods] Glasses with the nominal composition (La0.78-xGdxEr0.04Yb0.18) Ti2.25O6 (x = 0.10， 0.15， 0.20， 0.25， 0.30， 0.35) were prepared using an aerodynamic levitation furnace. High-purity oxide powders were thoroughly mixed， pressed into rods， and introduced into the levitator. The samples were levitated and melted using a CO2 laser under an oxygen atmosphere and then rapidly cooled to form spherical glass beads approximately 3 mm in diameter. The amorphous nature of the obtained glasses was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermal properties， including the glass transition temperature (Tg)， onset crystallization temperature (Tc)， and crystallization peak temperature (Tp)， were determined using differential thermal analysis (DTA) at a heating rate of 10 K/min. Upconversion luminescence spectra were recorded under 980 nm laser excitation using a fluorescence spectrophotometer equipped with a photomultiplier tube.[Results] XRD patterns confirmed the amorphous structure of all prepared LTG samples. DTA results revealed that the values of Tg， Tc， and Tp decreased with increasing Gd2O3 content. The thermal stability parameter (ΔT = Tc - Tg)， which indicates glass-forming ability， also decreased from 59.4℃ to 42.6℃ as x increased from 0.10 to 0.35， suggesting a reduction in thermal stability and glass-forming tendency with higher Gd2O3 concentrations. Under 980 nm excitation， intense green and red upconversion emissions were observed. The emission bands centered at 535 nm， 553 nm， and 672 nm were assigned to the 2H11/2→4I15/2， 4S3/2→4I15/2， and 4F9/2→4I15/2 transitions of Er3+ ions， respectively. The green emission (553 nm) was significantly stronger than the red emission across all compositions. The integrated upconversion luminescence intensity initially increased with Gd2O3 concentration， reaching a maximum at x = 0.15， and then decreased with further addition of Gd2O3. Furthermore， the ratio of green-to-red emission intensity also exhibited a non-monotonic trend， first increasing and then decreasing， indicating that higher Gd2O3 concentrations favor red emission relative to green emission. The upconversion mechanism involves ground state absorption and energy transfer processes from Yb3+ to Er3+， followed by excited state absorption， leading to the population of higher energy levels and subsequent radiative transitions. [Conclusions] This study successfully demonstrates the effectiveness of the aerodynamic levitation technique for fabricating Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped LTG heavy-metal oxide glasses， which are challenging to produce by conventional means. The incorporation of Gd2O3 significantly influences both the thermal and luminescent properties of the glasses. While increasing Gd2O3 content reduces thermal stability， it allows for tuning the upconversion emission intensity and color ratio. The optimum luminescence performance was achieved at a Gd2O3 concentration of x = 0.15. The efficient upconversion luminescence， characterized by strong green emissions， highlights the potential of these LTG glasses for various photonic applications. The combination of containerless processing and strategic compositional design provides a robust pathway for developing new functional glass materials with tailored properties.
Research progress in the application of detection techniques for plant protein phosphorylation
LIU Yan;WANG Yuning;ZHOU Yuxia;TANG Yunxia;WANG Xingying;FENG Chen;LI Haiyan;[Significance] In plant signal transduction， protein phosphorylation stands out as a pivotal and indispensable type of post - translational modification， playing a crucial role in various aspects of plant life， encompassing both plant growth and development and the plant's response to adverse environmental stresses. During the plant growth and development， from seed germination to the formation of mature organs， protein phosphorylation acts as a master regulator， which controls the activity of key proteins involved in cell division， differentiation， and expansion. Additionally， plants are confronted with stresses such as drought， high salinity， extreme temperatures， and disease， protein phosphorylation rapidly initiates a series of stress-responsive signaling cascades， which activates the expression of stress-related genes， regulates the synthesis of osmoprotectants to maintain cellular water balance， and adjusts the activity of antioxidant enzymes to scavenge reactive oxygen species generated under stress conditions. Thus， protein phosphorylation is essential for plants to adapt and survive in harsh environments. [Progress] In recent years， with the increasing interest in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying plant biology， a multitude of methods have been employed to detect the dynamic changes in protein phosphorylation and elucidate its functional mechanisms. These methods range from traditional biochemical techniques to advanced high-throughput technologies， each offering unique advantages in studying protein phosphorylation. The review offers a comprehensive summary of the diverse methods utilized in researching plant protein phosphorylation signal networks， along with the latest relevant research progress. Firstly， an overview of the process， types， and classification of protein phosphorylation is provided. The process of protein phosphorylation involves the transfer of a phosphate group from a donor molecule， usually ATP， to specific amino acid residues on the target protein by protein kinases. The main types of protein phosphorylation include serine， threonine， and tyrosine phosphorylation， each with distinct characteristics and biological functions. Additionally， different amino acids can lead to diverse phosphorylation forms. A classification system is also introduced， categorizing protein phosphorylation based on factors such as the functional groups of target proteins and the signaling pathways involved. Furthermore， the detection methods for protein phosphorylation are summarized in detail. Traditional methods such as radioactive labeling， which uses radioactive isotopes to track the incorporation of phosphate groups into proteins， have been widely used in the past. However， they have limitations in terms of safety and the ability to analyze large-scale samples. More modern techniques， including immunoblotting with phosphorylation-specific antibodies， enable the specific detection of phosphorylated proteins based on antigen-antibody interactions. High-throughput methods such as mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics have revolutionized the field， allowing for the large-scale identification and quantification of phosphorylated proteins in a single experiment， providing a global view of protein phosphorylation changes under different conditions. Finally， the research progress of protein phosphorylation in plants is outlined. This includes its role in plant hormone signaling， as well as resistance to salt， drought， cold， and diseases. [Conclusions and Prospects] By summarizing the key findings from recent studies， this paper meticulously offers a valuable reference for in-depth exploration of plant protein phosphorylation. It can inspire fresh research directions and significantly contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of plant biology.
Simulation experiment of robot path planning based on improved VSRB-RRT algorithm
NI Jianyun;LI Hao;GU Haiqing;DU Helei;WU Jie;XUE Chenyang;To address the problems of low sampling efficiency， long and unsmooth paths， and the inability to avoid obstacles in real time in the B-RRT algorithm for path planning， this paper proposes a fusion algorithm for obstacle avoidance path planning based on improved variable sampling region bidirectional RRT (VSRB-RRT) and DWA. In the global planning process， the improved VSRB-RRT algorithm uses a combination of variable sampling region and target biasing strategy to speed up rate of convergence and improve sampling efficiency， and uses greedy optimization， iterative optimization and key point optimization to generate low-cost and smooth executable paths. In the local planning process， the path planned by the improved VSRB-RRT algorithm is used as a guide to select the key points on the path， and the improved DWA algorithm is used for segmented planning on the key point segmented path. Simulation experiments have shown that the improved VSRB-RRT algorithm has good search efficiency， can obtain the optimal path with the least time and the most stable efficiency， and also verifies the effectiveness of the fusion algorithm in real-time obstacle avoidance path planning.