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Application of artificial intelligence to tunnel fire monitoring and early warning systems
LI Yanfeng;REN Yongsheng;QIU Mingxuan;LI Junmei;[Significance] In tunnel fire safety prevention and control, artificial intelligence(AI) has gradually become a key means of accurate monitoring and intelligent warning of tunnel fires because of its ability to solve problems of traditional monitoring, such as long response delays, long prediction times, and high false alarm rates. Prediction models based on empirical formulas take minutes to calculate, failing to meet the needs of early intervention. Therefore, using AI to accurately predict fire development trends(such as smoke spread and temperature distribution) is crucial for formulating emergency plans and ensuring safety. In particular, fire monitoring and intelligent early warning methods based on AI have become an important research direction in tunnel fire safety research.[Progress] Applications of AI to tunnel fires include the development of few-shot and self-supervised learning methods to enhance model generalization ability. They also involve promoting system integration and standardization to realize platform-based collaborative management. In multisource data collection, multi-sensor fusion adopts an improved hierarchical architecture based on D–S evidence theory. It integrates temperature, smoke, and gas data, thereby improving fire identification reliability by 45% in complex environments. Video monitoring relies on CNN(convolutional neural network) and YOLOv8 algorithms, combined with tunnel CCTV(closed-circuit television) systems, to analyze flame and smoke characteristics. It achieves 96% recognition accuracy and reduces the false alarm rate by 30%. Edge computing has achieved up to 96% accuracy and supports real-time alarms. At the platform level, AI-based disaster prevention and response systems(e.g., Shanghai's intelligent system) enable real-time visualization of fire locations and temperatures. They automatically trigger coordinated control of ventilation and sprinkler systems, reducing response delays by more than 50% compared with manual operation. In terms of intelligent early warning, generative AI, such as GANs(generative adversarial networks) and Transformers, can generate fire spread simulations within 5 s. LSTM–TCNN(long short-term memory-temporal convolutional neural network) reduces temperature field prediction from minute-level to second-level(with 90% accuracy), and digital twins construct 1∶1 virtual tunnels to generate synthetic data, thereby reducing the demand for training data by 50%. [Conclusions and Prospects] AI can effectively improve detection accuracy and response efficiency in tunnel fire monitoring and early warning. However, several challenges remain, including the scarcity of real-world samples(applying highway models to railways reduces accuracy by 15%–20%), the limited ability of traditional algorithms to capture global features, a lack of standardization in system integration, and high deployment costs. Future research will focus on using generative diffusion models to generate high-fidelity data and alleviate the sample scarcity issue, while reinforcement learning will be employed to optimize the collaborative control of equipment. In addition, a three-dimensional visualization platform based on BIM(building information modeling) and digital twins will be developed to enable VR/AR-based simulations. Further improvements in multimodal fusion are expected to enhance data reliability and cross-scenario adaptability, thereby advancing the intelligence of tunnel fire prevention and control. This research will contribute to improve the intelligence level of tunnel fire early warning and emergency response and promote the practical application of AI in tunnel fire engineering.
Experimental investigation of ceiling temperature rise during a fire in a bifurcated tunnel with an inclined mainline
HUANG Youbo;XIANG Chao;DONG Bingyan;LIU Xi;LI Yanfeng;[Objective] Urban traffic link tunnels, mainly composed of bifurcated tunnels, have been rapidly constructed. A fire in this complex tunnel would cause more serious facility damage and casualties due to multipath smoke propagation and a more uneven temperature distribution compared with an ordinary single tunnel. Furthermore, a bifurcated tunnel contains different tunnel slopes and bifurcation angles to connect surface and underground transportation systems. However, previous research on tunnel fires has mainly focused on a single ordinary tunnel or a horizontal bifurcated tunnel; fires in an inclined bifurcated tunnel have rarely been studied. To clarify the mechanism of smoke propagation and the temperature profile in a bifurcated tunnel, the present study conducted a series of small-scale experiments to investigate the maximum ceiling temperature in a bifurcated tunnel with an inclined mainline. [Methods] Froude's similarity criterion was used to guide the design of the small-scale experimental bench. A 1/20 scale bifurcated tunnel platform was constructed, consisting of a 10 m mainline and a 4 m ramp, with a cross-section of 0.25 m × 0.5 m. Three bifurcation angles(10°, 20°, and 30°), five mainline tunnel slopes(0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%), and three heat release rates(1.12, 1.64, and 2.8 kW) were considered. Different longitudinal ventilation velocities supplied from the mainline before shunting were used for analyzing their effects on smoke propagation and temperature distribution. The temperature at the tunnel ceiling and along the tunnel centerline was detected and analyzed. The effects of the bifurcation angle and the mainline slope on the maximum ceiling temperature were investigated, and an empirical model was developed to predict it in a bifurcated tunnel. [Results and Conclusions] Experimental results showed that the heat release rate significantly affected the maximum ceiling temperature, with higher rates resulting in higher maximum ceiling temperatures. The larger bifurcation angle resulted in a higher maximum ceiling temperature at relatively low longitudinal ventilation; however, its effect on the maximum ceiling temperature was limited when the longitudinal ventilation velocity exceeded 0.2 m/s. In particular, the maximum ceiling temperature was more sensitive to the bifurcation angles at a relatively low heat release rate. The maximum ceiling temperature decreased with increasing longitudinal ventilation because of the cooling effect and the flame tilting effect. The maximum ceiling temperature decreased with increasing mainline slope as the stronger stack effect improved the induced airflow velocity. The effect of the mainline slope on the maximum ceiling temperature was more pronounced when the slope was <3%, but this effect weakened when the slope was >3%. The maximum ceiling temperature in the bifurcated tunnel could not be accurately predicted using previous empirical models, as these models were developed based on tests conducted for ordinary single-line or horizontally branched tunnels. Therefore, a predictive model for the maximum ceiling temperature in a branched tunnel with a mainline slope was developed by accounting for the mainline slope, heat release rate, bifurcation angle, and longitudinal ventilation velocity. This study contributes to understanding smoke propagation and provides a validated tool for evaluating maximum temperature in a bifurcated tunnel.
Analysis and development trends of grouting technology for underground water-sealed caverns
FAN Mingming;XU Dong;HE Chenhui;ZHANG Jiaxing;[Significance] Grouting technology plays a crucial role in the construction of underground water-sealed caverns, particularly in the context of national strategic oil and gas reserves, because it can substantially improve the antiseepage performance of the surrounding rock. The extremely high requirements for impermeability and water inflow control in such storage systems pose major challenges, especially under complex geological conditions characterized by variable lithology, diverse groundwater chemistry, and uncertain seepage paths. Traditional grouting methods often struggle to ensure long-term sealing performance under these conditions. In response, recent research has increasingly focused on enhancing material adaptability, understanding grout-diffusion mechanisms, developing intelligent evaluation methods, and conducting multiphysics coupling simulations, thereby promoting technological innovation and improving engineering reliability. Therefore, the latest research achievements must be systematically summarized and analyzed to provide a scientific basis and technical reference for the safe operation of underground water-sealed caverns and for advancing water-sealing technology in geotechnical engineering. [Progress] Substantial progress has been made in grouting technology for underground water-sealed caverns, including numerical simulation, material development, field application, and stability assessment. In the field of grout diffusion and seepage behavior, multiphysics coupling models based on dual media(fractures and pores) have been developed, revealing the effects of fracture geometry parameters on grout migration and sealing performance. In terms of material innovation, high-performance groutsincluding ultrafine silica-based, cement-based, and magnetically responsive slurries-have been developed to enhance impermeability and durability in complex hydrogeological environments. Field tests and monitoring studies have been conducted to evaluate the effects of grouting parameters on seepage control and groundwater chemistry, improving the adaptability of grouting techniques to practical engineering conditions. In terms of structural stability, integrated approaches combining numerical simulation and reliability analysis have been adopted to assess cavern safety in various geological scenarios. Furthermore, the application of environmentally friendly technologies, such as microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation, offers a novel and sustainable solution for long-term grout sealing. These research outcomes provide a solid theoretical and technical foundation for improving the antiseepage capabilities and operational reliability of underground water-sealed caverns, thereby supporting the intelligent and sustainable development of geotechnical engineering. [Conclusions and Prospects] Deepening research into grouting technology for underground water-sealed caverns has substantially contributed to improvements in parameter design, material performance, and long-term sealing effectiveness. Analyses suggest that precise grouting control should be achieved by integrating geological and hydrogeological conditions with numerical simulations and structural evaluations. A comparative assessment of commonly used grouting materials-including cement-based, composite, epoxy resin, and biomineralization options-demonstrated their respective advantages and limitations under varying environmental conditions. A “model-validation–optimization” loop was devised to enhance the evaluation of grouting effectiveness, supported by the application of intelligent algorithms for predicting long-term performance. Although a relatively complete technical framework has been established, challenges remain in understanding the diffusion and curing mechanisms of grouting under extreme conditions, such as high temperature, high permeability, and considerable depth. Future research should aim to build a dynamic feedback system that links laboratory research with field applications, incorporating smart materials, three-dimensional monitoring, and adaptive modeling to advance the intelligent, standardized, and durable development of grouting technology in complex geotechnical environments.
Fire scenarios in metro tunnels: Insights from full-scale cold smoke experiments and numerical simulations
SU Zhihe;LI Yanfeng;LIU Yutong;State Nuclear Electric Power Planning Design & Research Institute Corporation Limited;[Objective] Effective control of ventilation parameters is critical in metro tunnel safety research. Since cross-passage wind is driven by inter-tunnel pressure differentials, investigating the impact of tunnel air supply on wind speed is therefore vital. Furthermore, train-induced piston wind can damage cross-passage fire doors, compromising operational safety and highlighting the need to assess the feasibility of eliminating fire doors through an optimized air supply design. Thus, this study clarifies the influence of air supply parameters on cross-passage airflow, compares cross-passage wind speeds derived from full-scale cold smoke experiments and thermal simulations of real fire scenarios, evaluates the feasibility of eliminating fire doors, and supports the optimization of metro fire ventilation systems and fire prevention research. [Methods] Here, full-scale experiments were combined with numerical simulation to explore the study objectives. Specifically, multi-condition ventilation and smoke tests were conducted in a Zhengzhou metro tunnel, utilizing a portable large-section anemometer to ensure the accuracy of the experimental data. The test setup comprised the tunnel structure, cold smoke device, and corresponding measuring systems. As cold smoke could not replicate the thermal buoyancy of real fires, full-scale thermal smoke simulations were performed using a fire dynamics simulator(FDS) and computational fluid dynamics software developed by NIST, which was validated for fire dynamics studies through multi-scale tests. Building on this, the smoke flow was analyzed under various air supply and exhaust conditions, with cross-passage wind speeds compared between the cold smoke experiments and FDS-simulated real fire scenarios. [Results] First, the simulation data obtained under fire-free conditions were consistent with the results of cold smoke tests, verifying the feasibility of the numerical simulation method. Second, real fires generate significant heat, causing hot smoke to rise owing to thermal buoyancy. This enhances vertical airflow in the tunnel and results in higher cross-passage wind speeds compared with cold smoke tests, though the velocity increase was limited by wall friction. Third, the distance(spacing) between air supply and exhaust ports, along with the status of platform screen doors, alters the inter-tunnel pressure differential; furthermore, the presence of a train can obstruct pressure-driven airflow, slightly reducing cross-passage wind speed. Fourth, cold smoke tests confirmed that a rational ventilation design can achieve the cross-passage wind speeds exceeding 2 m/s. Fifth, the ventilation modes corresponding to Conditions 1-3, 2-3, and 3-3 effectively increased wind speeds in both tunnels and cross-passages across different train positions and fire locations. [Conclusions] Based on the study results, the following conclusions are drawn: first, cold smoke experiments demonstrated that optimized ventilation can maintain a cross-passage wind speed exceeding 2 m/s during emergencies. This indicates the feasibility of eliminating fire doors, which could reduce construction and maintenance costs and enhance cross-passage evacuation efficiency. Second, ventilation Conditions 1-3, 2-3, and 3-3 optimize the emergency ventilation effect of metro tunnels, providing practical references for engineering applications. Third, the validity of the effective model is confirmed by the consistency between the fire-free simulation results and experimental data. In fire scenarios, cross-passage wind speed is influenced by thermal buoyancy, smoke viscosity, and smoke density. Among them, thermal buoyancy increases the speed, whereas wall friction suppresses it.
Optimization of measurement location for absolute gas emissions in large-section highway tunnels
WU Zhiwei;HUANG Fei;LI Shuqing;ZHENG Guangyi;LYU Chenhui;YAN Wenchao;Hunan Vocational Institute of Technical;[Objective] Since 2021, 47 tunnel gas accidents have been reported in China, resulting in over 160 deaths. Gas disasters are among the major hazards in highway tunnel construction in western China, posing a serious threat to construction safety. The absolute gas emission rate is an important indicator for determining the type of gas formation or gas work area in highway tunnels, influencing project investment, construction efficiency, equipment selection, safety measures, and management systems. However, the method for measuring the absolute gas emission rate of highway tunnels provided in the Technical Specification for Design and Construction of Highway Gas Tunnels(JTG/T 3374—2020) relies on empirical values, and the gas concentration is taken as the maximum value, which may result in considerable discrepancies between the calculated results and the actual situation. In addition, the wind speed measurement points in the return air section are subdivided into multiple grids, resulting in many measurement points. Under the working conditions of large-section highway tunnels, accurately measuring wind speed at these points is challenging, resulting in inaccurate calculations of absolute gas emissions. [Methods] Based on the Huangjiagou Tunnel of the T3 section expansion project on the Chongqing Zunyi section of the Lanzhou Haikou National Expressway, Fluent software was used to numerically simulate the gas behavior in the tunnel. The left-side tunnel was excavated for 200 m, encountering coal seams for research. The air duct outlet was 10 m from the tunnel face, with a 2 m diameter, and its center was 5 m above the ground. The outlet was located at the arch waist on the right side of the tunnel, adjacent to the inner wall. The model was constructed according to the actual tunnel dimensions and appropriately simplified to analyze the distribution laws of the airflow and gas concentration fields in the large-section highway tunnel. The measurement position for absolute gas emissions in the highway tunnel was optimized. MATLAB software was used to fit the wind speed and gas concentration at a section 120 m away from the tunnel face. Onsite testing was conducted to verify the numerical simulation results, which showed good agreement with theoretical values. [Results] The flow law of gas in the tunnel under ventilation conditions was analyzed through numerical simulations, and the effects of different gas emission rates and ventilation air volumes on the determination of absolute gas emission rates were analyzed. By selecting a section at a suitable distance from the palm surface for wind speed and gas concentration measurements, the number of measurement points can be reduced to six, decreasing onsite labor intensity and considerably improving the accuracy of gas emission measurements. [Conclusions] Based on the actual working conditions of the tunnel, a section 120 m from the tunnel entrance was selected for the measurement of absolute gas emissions. The number of absolute gas emission measurement points can be reduced from 26 to 6, and the correction coefficient K of the absolute gas emission calculation formula is 7.9. Five different absolute gas emission conditions were simulated at the same air volume, and the calculated values had errors of less than 8% compared with the theoretical values, indicating good accuracy.
Establishing an FMEA–HACCP-based access management system for university laboratory projects
SUN Dun;WU Weilin;LI Xiangguo;WANG Xiuhua;PIAO Jin;[Objective] University laboratories serve as core venues for scientific research， teaching， and talent cultivation. Their safety management directly impacts research continuity， teaching stability， and personnel safety. However， laboratory accidents frequently occur in Chinese universities， primarily during the use and storage of hazardous chemicals， as well as during equipment operation. The root causes of these accidents lie in fragmented risk identification， lagging control measures， formalistic access mechanisms， and the inherent limitations of a “post-incident remediation” model. This study establishes a scientific and operational access management system for experimental projects， targeting university research initiatives. The core objective is to “prevent experimental risks at their source and ensure the safe execution of projects.” This transforms laboratory safety management from a reactive response to proactive prevention， thereby guaranteeing secure experimental implementation. [Methods] First， by reverse engineering the root causes of university laboratory incidents and integrating core requirements from the University Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist (2025 Edition)， we established five-dimensional prerequisites for experimental project access: personnel， equipment， materials， methodology， and environment. Building upon this foundation， we innovatively fused failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) with hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) theory (fusion termed FMEA–HACCP) to construct a “risk identification–quantitative assessment–critical control point (CCP) determination–access verification” coordinated system， where the three-dimensional quantitative model of FMEA (risk priority number (RPN) = severity × occurrence × detectability) quantifies risk grading， whereas HACCP theory identifies CCPs， establishing control plans with key thresholds， monitoring protocols， and dynamic corrective actions to create a closed-loop management mechanism. [Results] After two years of practical implementation in the Agricultural Experiment Teaching Center， this access management system demonstrated significant outcomes: among 62 initial risk points， the high-risk points (RPN ≥ 301) decreased from 18 to 0; the average RPN across the entire process dropped from 286 to 123， representing a 57.0% reduction; three newly identified potential risk points， including “mixed storage of experimental waste liquids” and “operation of new instruments，” were controlled at low-risk levels (RPN ≤ 85) through early intervention， with no safety incidents occurring throughout the process. The compliance rate for CCPs rose from 68.0% to 98.5%， with hazardous chemical accounting， instrument calibration， and firefighting equipment achieving 100% compliance. Minor deviation frequencies decreased from an average of 5 incidents per month to 0.3 incidents， while the corrective response time shortened from 30 to 8 min. At the personnel level， undergraduate safety exam pass rates rose from 75.0% to 98.2%， graduate operational assessment pass rates reached 97.8%， and noncompliant operation incidents decreased by 91.7%. The management model successfully transitioned from “post-incident rectification” to “pre-emptive prevention–process control–post-verification，” thereby reducing the hazard rectification cycle from 72 to 24 h. [Conclusions] Overall， this study successfully establishes an FMEA–HACCP-based access management system for university laboratory projects by leveraging the comprehensive quantitative assessment of FMEA with precise control from HACCP. Centered on the five-dimensional prerequisites: “personnel， equipment， materials， methods， and environment，” this system enables comprehensive systemic risk prevention and control. Its operability， traceability， and scalability are fully validated through practice. The system effectively addresses the shortcomings of traditional management models， significantly reducing experimental risks while enhancing the safety literacy of relevant personnel. Ultimately， it provides a scientific paradigm for university laboratory safety management that can be extended to various laboratory types.
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AI for empowering the construction and development of university laboratories in the new era
REN Guanghui;[Objective] As a “source of innovation” and “primary base” for cultivating outstanding talents， university laboratories are directly linked to the quality of higher education and the enhancement of national innovation capacity. With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology， the intelligent upgrading of university laboratories has become a significant concern. Traditional laboratory models are hampered by multiple bottlenecks: inefficient allocation of experimental resources， with high idle rates of large-scale instruments and equipment and a lack of interdisciplinary sharing mechanisms; outdated laboratory management modes characterized by high manual operation and maintenance costs and weak early warning systems for safety hazards; limited experimental teaching functions that rely on fixed processes， making it difficult to cultivate innovative talents; and limited scientific research collaboration capabilities， including a lack of intelligent platforms that facilitate multi-team and cross-regional cooperation. However， the rapid development of AI technology has provided new possibilities for addressing these challenges. This study aims to systematically explore the core logic， practical paths， and value effects of using AI to update university laboratories and construct a theoretical framework for the deep integration of AI and university laboratory development. It also identifies potential application scenarios for AI technologies in laboratory resource management， experimental teaching reforms， and scientific research. The study proposes laboratory construction standards and development strategies that integrate AI， providing theoretical support and practical references for universities to transform their laboratories toward “intelligence， openness， and collaboration.” [Methods] To effectively address the challenges facing today’s university laboratories， including talent cultivation， research demands， and management efficiency bottlenecks， this study combines bibliometric analysis， theoretical construction， and case-based empirical research. [Results] The results demonstrate that AI’s three core features of perceptual， cognitive， and decision-making intelligence can be effectively applied in key scenarios such as procuring experimental equipment， constructing smart experimental platforms， and managing laboratories. For example， AI technology could optimize hardware management in laboratories and enable the creation of virtual–reality integrated experimental environments through knowledge graphs and digital twins. Additionally， it could promote scientific research collaboration platforms that can transcend disciplinary boundaries， improve research efficiency， and gradually form a positive cycle of “technology optimizing management—management feeding back into teaching—teaching and research collaborating.” The results also clarify the major challenges in upgrading laboratories， including high technical integration barriers， substantial costs for system upgrades， and shortages of interdisciplinary professional talents. To this end， the study proposes building a collaborative promotion mechanism of “demand-driven—technology adaptation—institutional guarantee，” strengthening talent cultivation， and improving ethical norms to advance laboratories toward higher goals of being “intelligent， open， green， and sustainable.” [Conclusions] This study systematically addresses the critical question of “how AI empowers the construction and development of university laboratories.” The results indicate that AI can effectively support the transformation and upgrading of laboratory operation models from “human-driven” to “intelligence-driven.” This conclusion aligns with the strategic orientation of digital transformation in higher education and provides a Chinese solution for global intelligent laboratory construction. It also holds significant importance for promoting the transition of university laboratories from supporters to leaders.
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Development of an experimental system for superresolution structured illumination microscopy
LI Meiqi;ZHANG Haojia;[Objective] Superresolution microscopy is a key advancement in optical imaging， allowing researchers to visualize biological structures at the nanometer scale. However， integrating it into practical curricula is challenging due to its high cost， operational complexity， and limited flexibility of commercial systems. This work aims to develop a multimodal superresolution fluorescence microscopy platform that is accessible， reconfigurable， and suitable for education and research， addressing the critical need for hands-on training in advanced imaging techniques within undergraduate and graduate programs. [Methods] To balance system integration and modularity， we employed an optical cage system with structural supports featuring through-holes at different heights， enabling a multiaxis three-dimensional (3D) optical design. This design uses standardized cage-compatible optical components with quick-release interfaces to allow rapid switching among various imaging modalities. The system supports four imaging modes: widefield microscopy (WFM)， total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM)， two-dimensional structured illumination microscopy (2D-SIM)， and 3D-SIM. Each mode can be configured by adjusting the illumination path without disassembling the main structure. The platform includes a laser source， a high numerical aperture objective lens， a precision motorized stage， a sensitive complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor camera， and many basic optomechanical components. All control and image reconstruction workflows are implemented in open-source software， allowing customization and algorithm development. Students can perform experiments ranging from fundamental operations (WFM and TIRFM) to advanced functional challenges (2D-SIM and 3D-SIM) within a single system. Performance validation was carried out using various biological samples， including subcellular structures such as actin filaments and fluorescent beads. [Results] Students successfully performed multimodal imaging of subcellular structures， with the system maintaining stability over repeated reconfigurations. The total cost remained below 100，000 RMB， representing an order-of-magnitude reduction compared to commercial alternatives. The superresolution capability was validated through imaging fluorescent bead samples， where adjacent beads that appeared as a single diffraction-limited spot under conventional widefield microscopy were clearly distinguished using SIM. This resolution enhancement directly demonstrates the system’s ability to surpass the diffraction limit. Additionally， the system succeeded in resolving two adjacent actin filaments within a distance less than the optical resolution limit of conventional microscopy. The system also supports potential upgrades of key components for research applications; for instance， when equipped with higher-performance cameras and objectives， the platform can be used effectively for research in cell biology， materials science， and other fields. [Conclusions] We developed a flexible， low-cost， multimodal fluorescence microscopy platform that effectively bridges the gap between theoretical education and practical application in advanced imaging. Its modular design enables seamless switching between imaging modes， providing students with comprehensive training in optical principles and instrumentation while maintaining research capabilities. This integrated approach not only increases access to superresolution techniques but also fosters innovation through hardware and software extensibility. The platform makes incorporating superresolution microscopy into undergraduate curricula easier， with standardized equipment ensuring instructional consistency and better guidance. It also encourages sharing teaching outcomes and provides a solid foundation for students as they transition into scientific research， effectively combining educational development with research preparation in the field of optical microscopy.
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Development and application of an intelligent experimental device with series-parallel double towers for absorption and desorption
YING Huijuan;LI Yang;JI Dengxiang;YU Yunliang;YANG Hui;GAO Ling;[Objective] As a core device for teaching experimental chemical engineering principles， absorption and desorption towers are irreplaceable for helping students understand mass transfer theories and master engineering operations. This study addresses the main problems facing traditional experimental absorption and desorption devices， including potential safety hazards caused by the use of toxic gas mixtures such as acetone and ammonia， single-experiment application owing to the single-tower design， low academic value that lags behind the needs of modern industry， and cognitive obstacles resulting from the non-transparency of stainless steel tower bodies. This research aims to develop a new type of multi-functional， intelligent experimental device that supports the training of future engineers capable of addressing complex engineering challenges within the context of emerging engineering education and to provide innovative methods for teaching experimental chemical engineering principles. [Methods] A university-enterprise joint research and development (R&D) model was used to construct a device structure with stainless steel as the frame and transparent organic glass as the tower body. The core design steps include selecting the carbon dioxide–air mixture as the non-toxic and environmentally friendly system to be absorbed， which conforms to green chemical engineering and the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” strategy; designing a water circulation system to realize the recycling of water resources and reduce experimental consumption; innovatively building two same-size tower bodies filled with Raschig rings and Pall rings， respectively， which can realize flexible switching between series and parallel connections through valve control; integrating the system with Internet of Things (IoT) and PID intelligent control technology， and matching it with equipment such as infrared detectors and electromagnetic flowmeters to realize part-process touch operation， real-time data display， and remote operation. [Results] The device achieved breakthroughs in multiple dimensions: the transparent tower body resolves the non-transparency problem of traditional devices， enabling visualization of the internal structure and allowing students to observe the gas–liquid flow state; the series-parallel structure facilitates multi-scenario tasks such as parallel measurement of the packing performance and series mass transfer experiments， enriching the teaching content and improving the experimental efficiency; the non-toxic system and intelligent control eliminate potential safety hazards， conform to the characteristics of modern industrial technology， facilitate digital empowerment in experimental teaching， and provide possibilities for cross-regional teaching. This device has been operating stably at Zhejiang University of Technology for three years， with remarkable teaching effectiveness and recognition from certain universities and peers， and has been successfully promoted to six universities. This year， it also became the designated experimental operation device for the National Final and Northwest Division of the 8th National College Students’ Chemical Engineering Experiment Competition. [Conclusions] The intelligent experimental device with series-parallel double towers for absorption and desorption effectively overcomes the limitations of traditional devices. Through visual presentation， multi-process design， safety upgrade， and intelligent control， it helps students deepen the cognitive connection between mass transfer theories and engineering applications， expands the breadth and depth of experimental teaching， and effectively cultivates students’ comprehensive experimental design and data analysis ability， innovative engineering thinking， and ability to solve complex engineering problems. This device provides effective support for reforming the experimental teaching of chemical engineering principles against the background of emerging engineering education and provides a reference for optimizing and upgrading similar teaching equipment.
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Process selection and life cycle assessment of waste gas treatment for university laboratories
ZHANG Junjun;ZHONG Ya;[Objective] Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key precursors of particulate matter 2.5 and ozone. Although industrial emissions have significantly decreased under the ongoing Blue Sky Protection Campaign， exhaust gases from university laboratories near residential areas have become a critical concern for environmental quality and public health management. University labs typically use many volatile organic and inorganic reagents and feature numerous exhaust-collection points. This results in characteristics such as high total emissions， complex chemical composition， large air volumes， and low concentrations of laboratory exhaust gases. Currently， research on the effectiveness of treatment methods for university laboratory exhaust gases and the assessment of their full life cycle environmental impacts is lacking， limiting evidence-based guidance for selecting appropriate treatment strategies. [Methods] This study focuses on university laboratory exhaust gases and their treatment processes， evaluating treatment efficiency through pilot-scale and bench-scale tests. For bench-scale tests， xylene with varying humidity levels was used as the simulated exhaust gas， while for pilot-scale tests， a mixture of xylene， ethanol， and hydrochloric acid heated in a water bath inside a fume hood served as the simulated exhaust. Three combined treatment processes—“alkali washing + activated carbon adsorption，” “activated carbon adsorption + alkali washing，” and “SDG (acidic exhaust adsorbent) adsorption + activated carbon adsorption”—were examined to thoroughly assess resource and energy consumption and environmental impacts throughout their entire life cycle. [Results] Under dry conditions with an inlet xylene concentration of 400 mg/m3， the saturated adsorption capacity of activated carbon for xylene was 226 mg/g. At 50% relative humidity (RH)， capacity decreased to 114 mg/g， and at 90% RH， it dropped further to 89 mg/g. The “SDG adsorption + activated carbon adsorption” system showed the highest removal efficiency for mixed VOCs (xylene and ethanol)， reaching 83%， along with 91% efficiency for hydrochloric acid mist. Although the “activated carbon adsorption + alkali washing” setup performed slightly lower， both systems significantly outperformed the “alkali wash + activated carbon adsorption” process in VOC removal. This difference is largely due to the high humidity (～100% RH) introduced by front-stage alkali washing， which promotes competitive water vapor adsorption and reduces activated carbon effectiveness. Life cycle assessment indicated that the “SDG adsorption + activated carbon adsorption” method has the lowest overall environmental impact. Additionally， performing alkali washing after adsorption resulted in better environmental outcomes regarding global warming potential and photochemical ozone creation potential compared to front-stage alkali washing. [Conclusions] Environmental impact analysis showed that moving alkaline washing to after the adsorption stage， which increases exhaust humidity， reduced global warming potential by 1.4% and photochemical ozone creation potential by 41.2%. Moreover， replacing wet alkaline washing with dry acidic exhaust adsorbent decreased global warming potential， photochemical ozone creation potential， acidification potential， and human health hazards by 4.5%， 41.3%， 9.9%， and 2.2%， respectively.
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Study on the design and analysis methods of orthogonal experiment
Liu Ruijiang,Zhang Yewang,Wen Chongwei,Tang Jian(School of Pharmaceutics,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013,China)The importance of orthogonal experimental design and analysis is introduced briefly.The principle and characteristic are expounded.The design methods of orthogonal experiment and analysis methods of orthogonal experimental results are analyzed in detail,which afford fully systemic methods for orthogonal experimental design and analysis.Problems in orthogonal experimental design and analysis and development of software for orthogonal experimental design and analysis are also pointed out in the end.
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Research on statistical analyses and countermeasures of 100 laboratory accidents
Li Zhihong;Training Department,Kunming Fire Command School;This paper summarizes 100typical cases of laboratory accidents from 2001and analyzes the cases in fields of accident type,accident link,accident cause,dangerous substance category,etc.The result shows as follows:the fire disasters and explosive accidents are the main types of laboratory accidents;the dangerous chemicals,instruments and equipment,and pressure vessels are main dangerous substances;the instruments and equipment and reagent application processes are the main links of accidents;the violation of rules,improper operation,carelessness,wire short circuit and aging are the main reasons of accidents.It also puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions for the prevention and control of laboratory accidents in the following aspects:establishing complete safety management system,actively promoting standard construction of laboratory safety,strengthening laboratory safety education and training,and formulating and improving emergency plans for laboratory accidents.
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Promotion of reform and innovation on integration of theory teaching and experimental teaching by virtual simulation experiment teaching
XIONG Hongqi;Based on the concept of experimental teaching and its importance, the connotation of virtual simulation experimental teaching is expounded upon. On this basis, this paper puts forward six balance principles that virtual simulation experimental teaching should follow to promote the upgrading and reconstruction of traditional experimental teaching and elaborates the reform idea of virtual simulation experiment teaching for the overall optimization and innovation of theory teaching. The brief analysis is carried out on that the introduction of virtual simulation experimental teaching is conducive to promoting innovation and entrepreneurship education into the whole process of professional education.
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The application of studying fluorescence spectroscopy on protein
Yin Yanxia,Xiang Benqiong,Tong Li(College of Life Science,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)Fluorescence spectroscopy is very important for studying protein structure and conformation changes.The concept and principle of fluorescence spectroscopy are introduced at first,then the application of studying fluorescence spectroscopy on protein is explained.
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Research and application of BOPPPS teaching method in MOOC teaching design
WU Changdong;JIANG Hua;CHEN Yongqiang;School of Electrical Engineering and Electronic Information,Xihua University;School of Information Science and Technology,Southwest Jiaotong University;On the basis of introducing the connotation of BOPPPS(bridge-in,objective,pre-assessment,participatory learning,post-assessment and summary)model,this paper explores upon the guiding role of the BOPPPS teaching model in MOOC teaching design.Based on the BOPPPS model,MOOC teaching design of"Series feedback voltage stabilization circuit"is carried out.This provides some reference for improving the quality of MOOC teaching design,stimulating students' learning interest and motivation,and promoting teachers' reform of teaching content design.
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The CNC machine tool with systematic work process and its application of teaching design
Li Yanxian(Department of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering,Nanjing Communications Institute of Technology,Nanjing 211188,China)According to professional training objectives and the main jobs of the structure of vocational skills and knowledge required to "CNC machine tools and spare parts" for the carrier,taking the CNC programming and operation of capacity-building as the center,this paper shows the design of the "knowledge of CNC machine tools,observation and analysis of CNC lathes,CNC milling machine to observe and analyze the processing center,programming and processing stepped shaft,threaded shaft of the programming and processing,hand wheel slot programming and processing,convex programming and processing of the template,the base of the programming and processing"of 9 items,25 learning environment,67 tasks,and one of the "convex template programming and processing" learning environment for the teaching unit design.
[Downloads: 383,449 ] [Citations: 6 ] [Reads: 103 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Study on the design and analysis methods of orthogonal experiment
Liu Ruijiang,Zhang Yewang,Wen Chongwei,Tang Jian(School of Pharmaceutics,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013,China)The importance of orthogonal experimental design and analysis is introduced briefly.The principle and characteristic are expounded.The design methods of orthogonal experiment and analysis methods of orthogonal experimental results are analyzed in detail,which afford fully systemic methods for orthogonal experimental design and analysis.Problems in orthogonal experimental design and analysis and development of software for orthogonal experimental design and analysis are also pointed out in the end.
[Downloads: 55,622 ] [Citations: 3,436 ] [Reads: 861 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Construction and actualization of new experimental teaching system for chemical specialty
YANG Jin-tian(Institute of Life Science,Huzhou Normal College,Huzhou 313000,China)The new system of chemical experiment teaching is constructed,and the comprehensive experiments,open experiments and research-oriented experiments are set up to improve the degree of source sharing,the efficiency of using equipment and the quality of experimental teaching,hence efficiently optimizing the practical abilities and fostering innovative spirit for the undergraduates are achieved.
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Research on statistical analyses and countermeasures of 100 laboratory accidents
Li Zhihong;Training Department,Kunming Fire Command School;This paper summarizes 100typical cases of laboratory accidents from 2001and analyzes the cases in fields of accident type,accident link,accident cause,dangerous substance category,etc.The result shows as follows:the fire disasters and explosive accidents are the main types of laboratory accidents;the dangerous chemicals,instruments and equipment,and pressure vessels are main dangerous substances;the instruments and equipment and reagent application processes are the main links of accidents;the violation of rules,improper operation,carelessness,wire short circuit and aging are the main reasons of accidents.It also puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions for the prevention and control of laboratory accidents in the following aspects:establishing complete safety management system,actively promoting standard construction of laboratory safety,strengthening laboratory safety education and training,and formulating and improving emergency plans for laboratory accidents.
[Downloads: 10,569 ] [Citations: 561 ] [Reads: 95 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Practice and thinking of education of“College Students' Innovative and Entrepreneurial Training Program”based on tutor system
Qian Xiaoming;Rong Huawei;Qian Jingzhu;Office of Academic Affairs,Nanjing University of Technology;The innovation and entrepreneurship education has been included in the teaching and education program of college schools."College Students' Innovative and Entrepreneurship Training Program "has become an"Excellent Program"as one of the most important reform tasks in Ministry of Education.The tutor system is an effective way of innovative education and pilot training for both college schools and students.Students learn the method of innovation researches and technique of entrepreneurial process through the program.In the meanwhile,teachers in college schools find a new stage to improve their teaching ability.This article focuses on the project,practice and feasibility of the"College Students' Innovative and Entrepreneurial Training Program "under the tutor system.
[Downloads: 10,094 ] [Citations: 225 ] [Reads: 883 ] HTML PDF Cite this article