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Experimental study on the morphological characteristics of wildfire front driven by meteorological conditions
LIU Chang;JI Kunpeng;ZHOU Yiqi;LI Peng;HAN Jingshan;LI Junhui;[Objective] The morphology of large-scale wildfire fronts is a crucial factor in assessing wildfire spread and determining safe distances for transmission corridors. Understanding the dynamic evolution of these fronts is essential for effective real-time wildfire monitoring and prevention. Most existing research focuses on small-scale experimental scenarios that struggle to replicate the complex interactions among multiple factors, such as fuel types and meteorological parameters, during actual wildfires. Few studies have examined fire front morphology in large-scale scenarios that incorporate meteorological conditions, and current research often falls short of the accuracy needed for effective wildfire prevention and control. This study aims to investigate the effects of different fuel types and meteorological conditions on wildfire front morphology through large-scale experiments, providing experimental data and theoretical support for the development of fire front spread models applicable to actual wildfire situations. [Methods] A 50 m×40 m full-scale wildfire combustion experimental platform was constructed for this study, integrating UAV thermal infrared imaging, tower-based visual monitoring, and multi-source meteorological sensing systems. We conducted large-scale, systematic experiments on wildfire spread using two common surface fuels(wheat straw and pine needle litter) under varying meteorological conditions. The analysis focused on the effects of fuel type, wind direction, and wind speed on key parameters, including fire front morphology, temporal variation in stable fire front length, and fire front propagation angle. We systematically compared surface fire-front spread under various working conditions. [Results] The results revealed the following: 1) Fire front morphology is significantly affected by fuel type, where wheat straw produces a smooth arc-shaped front, and pine needles result in a sharp, multi-branched, and irregular morphology. The fire front angle increases continuously during combustion, with the temperature decay rate in the burned area of pine needles being significantly faster than that of wheat straw. Wind direction dictates the overall spread direction of the front, whereas wind speed primarily affects the size of the front angle. 2) The variation trend and fluctuation amplitude of stable fire front length are jointly influenced by fuel and meteorological conditions. The fire front length of wheat straw decreases steadily over time, whereas that of pine needles exhibits significant short-term oscillations. Greater differences in maximum and minimum wind directions lead to more intense fluctuations in fire front length. Under identical wind directions, higher average wind speeds correspond to greater extreme values of fire front length. 3) The fire front propagation angle gradually decreases during the spread process. The wheat straw fire front is generally smooth with minor fluctuations, whereas the pine needle fire front displays significant local curvature and irregular trajectories. Greater stability in wind direction and higher average wind speeds result in a smaller average fire front propagation angle, causing the front to approach a straighter line. [Conclusions] Through large-scale surface fire spread experiments, this study elucidates the influence of fuel type and meteorological conditions on key parameters such as fire front morphology, temporal variation of stable fire front length, and fire front propagation angle. It reveals the comprehensive influence mechanism between meteorological conditions and fuel properties regarding fire front morphology, offering a large-scale experimental basis and critical parameter support for developing wildfire spread prediction models and improving wildfire prevention and control strategies in transmission corridors. Future research will expand these large-scale wildfire experiments to include more complex scenarios, thereby enhancing our understanding of real wildfire behavior.
Experimental platform for fire dynamics in oil-filled electrical equipment
SUN Ruibang;ZHANG Xinwei;SHANG Fengju;LIU Chang;[Objective] Oil-filled electrical equipment is widely used in substations/converter stations and hydropower projects as key facilities for securing power supply. However, transformer oil leaks from the rupture, accumulates at the base of oil-filled equipment, and encounters an ignition source, forming an external heat source that leads to a fire in the oil-filled equipment. Notably, heat from this external source is transferred back to the equipment via conduction, convection, radiation, and other pathways. This accumulated internal heat causes oil from ruptured oil-filled equipment to be sprayed and ignited by an external heat source, forming a jet fire. The transition to a jet fire triggers nonlinear shifts in the system's original state, leading to further deterioration in the degree of fire hazard. As fire incidents involving oil-filled equipment pose a major safety hazard in the electric power industry, effective and reliable prevention and control strategies must rely on a precise understanding of their dynamics. Therefore, a comprehensive and profound understanding of the characteristics of oil-filled equipment jet fire dynamics under the influence of external heat sources is of practical importance for improving the fire prevention and control capabilities of the electric power industry and for developing major fire monitoring and early warning technologies. In essence, once internal transformer oil leaks and burns, fire development mainly experiences two typical stages: first, the instability of oil-filled equipment combustion under the influence of an external heat source to form a jet fire, and second, the formation of a jet fire, which considerably changes the typical characteristics of the fire parameters. An oil-filled-equipment fire is a combination of combustion phenomena of multiple fire modes, such as bottom pool fire, sidewall flow fire, and top jet fire. [Methods] Previous studies have focused on single-mode fire dynamics experiments. Little attention has been paid to key scientific issues, such as the evolution of typical fire characteristics and the prediction of fire behavior under combined combustion of multiple fire modes, which have posed considerable challenges for the prevention and control of fires in electric-power charging equipment and fire rescue missions. In view of oil-filled equipment jet fire accidents and their complex fire characteristics, issues in electric power fire prevention and control remain serious challenges. Fundamental scientific questions regarding these dynamics remain unresolved, necessitating further theoretical studies to address the safety challenges they pose. [Results] In this study, we designed and constructed an experimental platform to simulate the fire dynamics of oil-filled electrical equipment. By integrating the measurement systems for the mass-loss rate, temperature, radiation heat flux, and image acquisition, we clarified the basic combustion phenomena of these fires. Furthermore, we established the typical phases and morphological characteristics and revealed the evolution laws of the characteristic parameters, such as the flame height, flame temperature, and flame radiation. [Conclusions] We identified the catastrophic mechanism of oil-filled equipment jet fire at its essence, further enriching the theory of fire dynamics and providing strong scientific and technological support for enhancing fire prevention and control strategies within the power industry.
Design of an experimental platform for controlling fine particulate matter using high-voltage electrically charged liquid droplets
TENG Chenzi;ZHANG Yun;REN Sida;Beijing Academy of Science and Technology;[Objective] The average concentration of fine particulate matter(PM2.5) in China significantly exceeds the World Health Organization–recommended standards, thereby undermining the environmental benefits achieved through ecological improvements. Traditional ultra-low-emission particle control strategies lack systematic investigation of method synergy and multi-parameter coupling, resulting in a gap between current practices and actual flue gas control objectives. To meet the stringent requirements for ultra-low emission of fine particulate matter, the wet electrostatic precipitator, as a preferred option for construction and retrofitting, offers notable advantages. However, it often faces challenges, including high water consumption, secondary emission pollution, and elevated operating costs. [Methods] Previous studies have demonstrated that electrohydrodynamic atomization has considerable potential for enhancing fine particle removal. This technique promotes collision, interception, and coalescence of particulate matter at reduced water consumption, thereby improving water-based removal efficiency for fine particles. Guided by the principles of efficient and low-consumption fine particle control, this study integrates electrohydrodynamics, aerosol mechanics, and ventilation control theories. By analyzing electrostatic precipitation devices reported in recent years and referencing single-parameter models, engineering prototypes, and relevant parameters, an experimental platform was designed and constructed. The platform employs high-voltage electro-coupled charged liquid droplets generated via electrokinetic atomization in combination with an electrostatic field to control fine particles; it consists of a pollutant generation system, a high-voltage power supply system, a multi-parameter coupled dust removal system, and a measurement and analysis system. Key parameters, including corona electrode configuration, dust collection electrode design, electrokinetic atomization settings, and rapping ash cleaning mechanisms, are continuously adjustable, enabling multidimensional collaborative coupling control to optimize fine particle removal performance. [Results] Using this experimental platform, the effects of key parameters, including electric field strength, residence time, and flue gas concentration, on the motion characteristics, spatial distribution, and removal efficiency of fine particles were systematically investigated. The dynamic evolution mechanism of particle capture under coupled operational control parameters, airflow characteristics, and electrokinetic atomization was elucidated. These findings provide a theoretical basis and technical support for optimizing efficient fine particle capture and offer important implications for advancing collaborative aerosol control strategies. [Conclusions] The results demonstrate that fine particle control using high-voltage electro-coupled charged liquid droplets integrates the advantages of electrohydrodynamic atomization and electrostatic fields, effectively promoting coalescence and agglomeration of fine particles into larger ones. Under the synergistic action of the electrostatic field, charged liquid droplets enhance particle capture efficiency across all size ranges, significantly reducing fractional penetration compared with a dry electrostatic precipitator. Further increases in electric field strength amplify the effectiveness of charged liquid droplets in particle removal. Moreover, under long-term operation, the dust removal device maintains clean plate surfaces and consistently high particle capture efficiency.
Large-scale experiments on surface fire spread rate
LIU Chang;JI Kunpeng;ZHANG Sihang;LI Peng;HAN Jingshan;YANG Zhi;[Objective] Surface fire spread rate is a key parameter for characterizing surface fire behavior, and understanding its variation patterns is of great significance for wildfire prevention and control. Existing research predominantly relies on small-scale experiments, which limits the applicability of fire spread models built on these data to real wildfire scenarios. This study aims to investigate the effects of fuel type and fuel bed density on surface fire spread rate through large-scale experiments, thereby providing an experimental basis and theoretical support for the development of fire spread models applicable to actual wildfires. [Methods] Utilizing a large-scale power grid wildfire experimental platform, this study conducted surface fire spread experiments under different fuel types(shrubland surface litter and coniferous forest surface litter) and fuel bed densities(1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 kg/m2) within a 2 000 m2 combustion area. The experimental setup included an array of 99-K-type thermocouples to collect surface temperature data, unmanned aerial vehicles to record visible and infrared imagery of the fire spread process for extracting fireline morphology, and a small weather station to monitor real-time meteorological conditions such as wind speed and direction. By analyzing the flame front spread rate, fireline expansion rate, and temperature response characteristics, surface fire spread behavior under various working conditions was systematically compared. [Results] The experimental results demonstrate the following points. 1) The flame front spread rate is comprehensively regulated by fuel type, fuel bed density, and meteorological conditions. The acceleration phase of the flame front occurs earlier in shrubland surface litter than in coniferous forest surface litter. Increasing the fuel bed density reduces the peak flame front spread rate while enhancing combustion stability. Meteorological factors are the primary cause of the observed multipeak fluctuations in the spread rate. 2) The fireline expansion rate exhibits fluctuating characteristics, with peak values determined by fuel type. The peak fireline expansion rate of shrubland surface litter is greater than that of coniferous forest surface litter. An increase in fuel bed density promotes fireline expansion in shrubland surface litter but inhibits it in coniferous forest surface litter. 3) The temperature response characteristics reflect flame front spread and fireline expansion behaviors. Fuel type governs the continuity of fire head spread; the loose structure of shrubland surface litter facilitates uniform heat transfer, whereas the compact structure of coniferous forest surface litter leads to heat accumulation. Fuel bed density influences the speed and spatial direction of the temperature response by modifying internal oxygen supply and combustion completeness. [Conclusions] Through large-scale surface fire spread experiments, this study clarifies the influence of fuel type and fuel bed density on flame front spread rate, fireline expansion rate, and temperature response characteristics. The resulting dataset provides large-scale experimental support for developing predictive fire spread models for actual wildfires and offers valuable insights for wildfire prevention and control along power transmission lines. Future work will involve conducting large-scale wildfire experiments under different slope terrains to deepen the understanding of real wildfire spread behavior.
Rolling force prediction modeling for strip cold rolling based on mechanism-data fusion
SUN Youzhao;WANG Xiangchen;LI Jingdong;WANG Xiaochen;SUN Yamin;YANG Quan;[Objective] The precise estimation of rolling force during the process of cold continuous rolling is of paramount importance for ensuring product quality, enhancing automation levels, improving production efficiency, and optimizing process settings. However, the conventional cold rolling force mechanism model often relies solely on process parameters during the cold-rolling stage. It disregards the genetic effects of the hot rolling process on the material's structure and properties, and it cannot effectively capture the complex, nonlinear impact of cross-process parameters on the rolling force. This results in limited prediction accuracy and generalization ability. This study proposes a cold rolling force prediction model based on Bayesian optimization and an improved light gradient boosting machine(BO-LightGBM), aiming to comprehensively explore the process coupling between hot and cold rolling. The model aims to enhance adaptability and accuracy in predicting force during cold rolling across various steel grades and production scenarios. [Methods] The modeling process involves the development of a multi-source feature system, incorporating 7-dimensional hot rolling parameters(e.g., finish rolling temperature, coiling temperature, final thickness, etc.), 11-dimensional cold rolling parameters(e.g., strip width, rolling speed, deformation resistance coefficient, etc.), and the predicted output from the traditional mechanism-based model. This comprehensive feature set enables the model to represent a cross-process fusion of variables that collectively influence rolling force. It is acknowledged that there is variability and coupling across different rolling stands in a tandem cold rolling mill. Therefore, a stand-specific modeling strategy is employed. The development of independent prediction models tailored to each stand facilitates the capture of local process characteristics, nonlinear interactions, and contextual dependencies. Furthermore, a Bayesian optimization algorithm is employed to automatically fine-tune the hyperparameters of the BO-LightGBM model for each stand. This approach effectively reduces human intervention, avoids suboptimal manual tuning, and enhances the efficiency and robustness of the learning process. [Results] The impact of incorporating upstream process data was evaluated by training rolling force prediction models on two distinct datasets. The first dataset contained only cold rolling parameters, while the second dataset included both hot and cold rolling parameters. A series of comparative experiments have demonstrated that 1) following the implementation of the hot rolling process parameters, the mean absolute error in rolling force prediction for each stand has been shown to decrease by an average of 1.803 t, whereas the root mean square error has been demonstrated to decrease by an average of 2.573 t, thereby indicating a substantial enhancement in accuracy. 2) In a real industrial cold rolling setting system, the model has been found to enhance the rolling force setpoint accuracy for MR T-4 CA and MR T-5 CA steel grades by 2.024% and 1.962%, respectively, thereby underscoring its practical engineering value and operational significance. [Conclusions] The proposed BO-LightGBM rolling force prediction model demonstrates excellent performance in terms of accuracy, robustness, and generalization. The model effectively incorporates upstream hot rolling data and employs stand-specific learning with automated hyperparameter optimization, thereby capturing the hereditary influence of the hot rolling stage and overcoming the limitations of traditional mechanism models in cross-process modeling. The model offers a promising data-driven solution for intelligent process control in modern steel rolling operations and supports the advancement of smart manufacturing in the metallurgical industry.
Construction and practice of an experimental project-driven total-factor collaborative safety access mechanism for university laboratories
BAI Li;LI Chunhui;WANG Peng;YU Hao;[Objective] University laboratories serve as the core carriers for scientific innovation and talent cultivation; however， they face significant safety challenges due to the complex nature of research and the high mobility of personnel. According to a statistical analysis of 137 laboratory safety accidents at Chinese universities and research institutes between 2004 and 2024， 62.04% of incidents stemmed from improper personnel operations. Additionally， over 80% involved a “lack of factor collaboration，” in which the failure to coordinate multiple safety elements expanded the scope of harm. Traditional management models often suffer from “single-point fragmented control，” in which personnel， hazardous materials， environmental conditions， and experimental projects are managed in isolation. This lack of synergy cannot address the dynamic， multidisciplinary nature of modern university research; therefore， a systematic governance mechanism is urgently required. This study constructs a “total-factor collaborative safety access mechanism” that integrates the social amplification of risk framework and synergistic theory to transform laboratory safety management from passive， fragmented control to active， systematic governance. [Methods] Based on the “order parameter” principle of synergistic and the environment， health， and safety integration model， this study constructs a closed-loop linkage mechanism characterized by “perception–assessment–linkage–feedback.” The core innovation lies in treating the “experimental project” as the system’s critical “order parameter.” The mechanism drives the precise adaptation of three other key access elements: personnel， items， and the environment. First， to ensure personnel access， a “three-level classification–dynamic adaptation” training system was developed. Based on the specific project’s risk level， personnel undergo stratified training (university， college， and laboratory levels). A dynamic reverification mechanism ensures that operator qualifications align with changing project risks. Second， for item access， a “full lifecycle–multidimensional tracing” system was implemented. RFID and QR code technologies were used to manage hazardous chemicals and equipment from procurement to disposal， ensuring strict compliance with project needs. Third， for environmental access， laboratories were classified into five categories (e.g.， chemical， biological， and mechanical) with a “planning–auditing–acceptance” control flow to ensure that physical conditions meet the safety requirements of the proposed projects. Finally， to assess overall project access， a quantitative risk assessment system comprising 4 primary and 12 secondary indicators was established. An information platform serves as the technical backbone， enabling real-time data sharing and automatically triggering safety protocols when project parameters change. [Results] The proposed mechanism was validated through practical application at Shandong University of Science and Technology. A specific case study involved the “nano-sulfide synthesis experiment” at the College of Chemical Engineering in September 2024. Due to a change in the experimental scheme involving the addition of hydrogen sulfide gas， the project’s risk level rose from “low risk” to “high risk.” The collaborative mechanism immediately triggered a dynamic reverification process for the 12 original operators. The assessment included a theoretical evaluation (40% weight) and practical operation (60% weight)， focusing on toxic gas handling and emergency response to leaks. The results showed that 11 operators passed the reverification; however， 1 operator failed the practical test for failing to check the air-tightness of the positive-pressure air breathing apparatus before use. Consequently， the system automatically suspended this operator’s laboratory access authority. The operator was required to complete 30 h of specialized remedial training and pass a secondary assessment to regain access. This case demonstrated the mechanism’s ability to identify specific unsafe behaviors and dynamically manage risks. [Conclusions] The “total-factor collaborative safety access mechanism” successfully overcomes the limitations of traditional siloed management by using the experimental project as the driving force for systemic safety. By integrating personnel， items， and environmental factors into a cohesive， project-driven framework， the mechanism achieves precise risk control and dynamic adaptation. Practical application proves that this approach effectively shifts safety management from “passive response after accidents” to “active defense before risks.” This study provides a replicable and scalable paradigm for safety governance in multidisciplinary comprehensive universities， particularly those with intensive， high-risk experimental activities in fields such as chemistry and biology.
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Preparation of flexible pressure sensors for intelligent sensing terminals and interdisciplinary comprehensive experimental teaching design
XIA Shengyuan;GUO Baohong;SHEN Qingbin;SUN Hao;WANG Wu;[Objective] Rapid advances in intelligent wearables， mobile healthcare， and integrated energy systems have increased demand for flexible， highly sensitive， and environmentally friendly sensing terminals. Traditional pressure sensors， often based on metals or semiconductors， face significant limitations， including poor flexibility， limited sensitivity， complex fabrication， and recycling challenges， which hinder their use in next-generation intelligent systems. Concurrently， cultivating interdisciplinary talent with integrated innovation and practical engineering skills is urgent. However， current sensor-related experimental courses often lack comprehensive training that spans material synthesis， device fabrication， system integration， and application. This study aims to address these dual challenges by developing a high-performance， eco-friendly flexible pressure sensor and transforming the corresponding research outcomes into a structured interdisciplinary experimental teaching project， thereby bridging the gap between advanced research and engineering education. [Methods] A sandwich-structured flexible pressure sensor was designed and fabricated using reduced graphene oxide (rGO-impregnated fabric as the active sensing layer and laser-induced graphene (LIG) as the porous top and bottom electrodes. The rGO fabric was prepared via a simple soaking–thermal reduction process， in which a piece of cotton-linen blend fabric was immersed in a graphene oxide dispersion and subsequently thermally reduced at 200°C. The LIG electrodes were directly patterned onto polyimide (PI) films using a CO2 laser engraving system， creating a three-dimensional porous conductive network. The sensor was assembled by sandwiching the rGO fabric between two LIG/PI electrodes. The morphology and composition of the rGO fabric and LIG were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)， X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy， and Raman spectroscopy. The sensor’s electromechanical performance， including sensitivity and stability， was systematically evaluated using a universal testing machine coupled with a digital source meter. The sensor’s practical application potential was demonstrated by detecting static forces with standard weights and by monitoring dynamic physiological signals to capture human radial artery pulse waveforms. [Results] The fabricated sensor exhibited excellent overall performance. The rGO formed a continuous conductive coating on the fabric fibers， while the LIG exhibited a highly porous and interconnected structure， enabling efficient signal transduction. The sensor demonstrated a high sensitivity of 30.3 kPa-1 in the low-pressure range (0–5 kPa). It showed outstanding stability， with negligible performance degradation over 300 loading–unloading cycles at 5 kPa. The sensor could clearly distinguish static loads and reliably capture dynamic physiological signals. The pulse waveform displayed characteristic peaks， from which a heart rate of approximately 72 beats per minute was derived， consistent with the resting state of a healthy adult. This interdisciplinary experiment， integrating knowledge from electrical engineering， materials science， and biomedical engineering， was successfully implemented as a teaching module. It guided students through the complete research cycle， from design and fabrication to testing and application analysis. The teaching practice achieved important outcomes， including supporting student teams in obtaining National-level University Student Innovation Training Program projects and winning a provincial silver medal in the China International College Students’ Innovation Competition. [Conclusions] This work successfully developed an eco-friendly， low-cost， high-performance flexible pressure sensor based on rGO fabric and LIG porous electrodes. More importantly， it established an effective model for translating cutting-edge research into a comprehensive interdisciplinary experimental teaching project. This project addresses the shortcomings of traditional sensor experiments by offering students hands-on experience throughout the device development workflow. It effectively enhances students’ interdisciplinary integration capabilities， practical engineering skills， and innovative thinking， thereby offering a reproducible and scalable educational paradigm for cultivating interdisciplinary talent under the emerging engineering education initiative.
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Harnessing STA-IR-MS for the experimental teaching of energy materials:A case study on the thermal stability of lithium-based polymer electrolyte materials
SHI Chuqi;ZHANG Weibin;YANG Qin;PAN Yikun;[Objective] The growing prominence of advanced analytical techniques in materials science has underscored the need to integrate coupled instrumentation systems into graduate education. Introducing synchronous thermal analysis (STA) combined with infrared spectroscopy (IR) and mass spectrometry (MS) into experimental teaching is an important initiative for cultivating interdisciplinary talent capable of addressing complex research challenges in energy materials development. [Methods] This study systematically examines the architectural principles and operational mechanisms of STA-FTIR-MS and STA-FTIR-GC-MS (gas chromatography-MS) coupled technologies， demonstrating their distinctive advantages in energy materials education through an integrated teaching experiment focused on the Thermal Stability of Lithium-based Polymer Electrolyte Materials.” The experiment was designed to cultivate comprehensive skills in multimodal data acquisition and interpretation and was structured around four fundamental components. These include establishing learning objectives to familiarize students with the working principles of STA， FTIR， MS， and GC–MS systems while demonstrating correlations among mass loss， thermal events， and gas evolution to develop capabilities in analyzing complex multidimensional datasets; implementing experimental procedures in which students prepare lithium-based polymer electrolyte samples and subject them to programmed heating under an inert atmosphere， with the STA module recording real-time mass changes and enthalpy variations and evolved gases simultaneously transferred via a heated transfer line to FTIR and MS/GC-MS systems for compositional identification and quantification; facilitating integrated data analysis in which trainees learn to synchronize thermogravimetric data with FTIR spectral profiles and MS/GC–MS to establish causal relationships between thermal decomposition stages and specific gas release events， while enabling direct comparison of the analytical capabilities of MS and GC-MS detection systems in characterizing thermal decomposition processes; and conducting teaching assessments through evaluation rubrics that examine laboratory performance， data interpretation accuracy， and final report quality， with particular emphasis on critical reasoning skills and scientific communication abilities. [Results] The integrated experiment enabled students to quantitatively correlate mass loss events with specific gas evolution profiles through synchronized data analysis. During programmed heating， participants identified characteristic decomposition stages—such as solvent evaporation， polymer chain degradation， and inorganic salt decomposition—by cross-referencing STA curves with IR absorption bands (e.g.， C＝O stretching at 1740 cm-1 for carbonate decomposition) and MS ion fragments or GC–MS chromatographic peaks. This approach revealed clear structure-property relationships between material composition and thermal behavior while demonstrating the complementary strengths of MS (rapid detection) and GC-MS (superior resolution for complex mixtures). Assessment based on operational proficiency， data interpretation accuracy， and scientific reporting demonstrated considerable improvement in students’ ability to extract meaningful insights from multidimensional datasets， propose mechanistic explanations for observed phenomena， and communicate findings effectively. The experiment has established a new pedagogical model for advanced instrumental training within the New Engineering Education framework， emphasizing critical thinking and technical problem-solving. [Conclusions] The integration of STA-IR-MS/GC-MS coupled technologies into energy materials laboratory teaching represents a successful reform that goes beyond traditional single-technique experiments. Through this thoughtfully designed project， students gained hands-on experience with state-of-the-art instrumentation and developed a researcher’s mindset. They learned to navigate analytical complexity， reconcile complementary datasets， and construct evidence-based scientific narratives. This pedagogical approach effectively bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical research skills， fostering the interdisciplinary competencies required for innovation in advanced materials science. Moreover， this model offers a scalable framework for future curriculum development and can be adapted to other emerging fields where coupled characterization techniques are essential.
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Design and experimental research on energy management strategy for fuel cell vehicles
SUN Ke;SUN Wen;BAI Shuzhan;[Objective] Under the global “Dual Carbon” goals， the transportation sector urgently needs cleaner and more efficient powertrains. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) technology， featuring zero tailpipe emissions， high energy density and extended range， has become a key pathway for commercial-vehicle decarbonization. However， the slow dynamic response of PEMFC systems makes it difficult for a stand-alone fuel cell to cope with frequent start–stops and rapid load fluctuations. Therefore， fuel cell–battery hybrid architectures are widely adopted， which place higher requirements on Energy Management Strategies (EMS) to coordinate multi-energy sources efficiently. This study targets the EMS design problem for fuel cell commercial vehicles， and experimentally compares two representative strategies from an engineering perspective to provide a basis for system optimization. [Methods] A hardware-in-the-loop bench platform for a fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle was established. The platform integrates a PEMFC system， a lithium iron phosphate battery pack and a drive motor， together with a dynamic load simulation system to reproduce real-world driving resistances. A self-developed LabVIEW-based software platform combined with CAN bus communication enables real-time driving-cycle replay， data acquisition and EMS verification. On this basis， two EMSs were implemented: a deterministic rule-based strategy and a fuzzy-logic-based strategy (FLC). The rule-based strategy adopts a master–slave architecture that treats the fuel cell as the main power source and allocates power according to total vehicle demand and battery state-of-charge (SOC) thresholds. The FLC takes vehicle power demand and SOC as inputs and outputs fuel cell power， adjusting power distribution via predefined fuzzy rules. [Results] Bench tests under the same driving cycle reveal distinct characteristics for the two strategies. Both achieve similar peak and average motor power， while the FLC exhibits slightly larger power fluctuations and faster tracking of load changes， indicating better dynamic adaptability and smoother acceleration/deceleration behaviour. Under the FLC， the fuel cell operates at lower average power with more frequent start–stops， and the battery undertakes a larger share of power regulation; under the rule-based strategy the fuel cell output is more continuous and often near its rated power， and the battery SOC is maintained within a narrow band， which is beneficial to battery life. Hydrogen-consumption analysis shows that， although the FLC reduces instantaneous fuel cell usage， its higher reliance on battery charge–discharge cycling leads to higher equivalent hydrogen consumption， whereas the rule-based strategy offers shorter energy paths and better overall fuel economy. Quantitatively， the rule-based strategy achieved an actual and equivalent hydrogen consumption of 568.13 g and 628.84 g， respectively， compared with 441.41 g and 726.40 g for the FLC. [Conclusions] The two EMSs present complementary advantages. The FLC is more suitable for urban scenarios with frequent start–stops and rapidly varying loads， where dynamic response and driving smoothness are prioritised. The deterministic rule-based strategy is more appropriate for relatively stable operating conditions that emphasise range and hydrogen economy， thanks to its efficient and stable power-supply characteristics. Future work will focus on adaptive or hybrid EMS frameworks that combine rule-based logic with data-driven or intelligent optimisation methods to enhance multi-scenario applicability and overall energy-management performance of fuel cell hybrid commercial vehicles.
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Magnetic-Coupling Nonlinear Internal Resonance: An Inquiry-Based Experimental Teaching Design
TIAN Wei;GAO Xiangguo;WANG Le;YANG Zhichun;[Objective] Aligned with recent developments in the research field， this work develops an exploratory experimental teaching platform specifically designed to investigate nonlinear internal resonance phenomena， with magnetic coupling effects serving as the core and essential mechanism. The primary aim of this platform is not only to enable students to systematically and comprehensively master the fundamental theoretical foundations of nonlinear vibration， but also to further enhance their abilities in independent critical thinking， experimental planning， and problem-oriented design. In addition， the platform guides students through the complete process of structural modeling， theoretical analysis， and experimental validation of internal resonance phenomena， thereby fostering a deeper understanding of the dynamic behaviors involved. [Methods] For the physical experimental setup， double cantilever beam specimens are manufactured using 3D printing technology， and an internal resonance testing platform is subsequently constructed by integrating the specimens with a vibration testing bench， laser displacement sensors， and an LMS data acquisition system. Identical permanent magnets are mounted at the free ends of the two cantilever beams， and the occurrence of internal resonance can be experimentally tuned and controlled by adjusting the stiffness characteristics of the beams. Within the theoretical modelling framework， a magnetic dipole model is employed to characterize and quantify the nonlinear magnetic forces between the magnets. On this basis， the governing equations of the magnetically coupled double-cantilever-beam system are formulated in accordance with Newton’s second law. During experimental testing， constant-amplitude sinusoidal sweep excitation is employed to the system， and its time-domain responses are recorded using an LMS data acquisition system. The acquired time-domain signals are subsequently transformed into the frequency domain via Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)， thereby facilitating clearer observation and more detailed analysis of internal resonance characteristics. [Results] Focusing specifically on the 2:1 internal resonance， the following key experimental observations are made: 1) Sweep-frequency testing reveals that the low-frequency cantilever beam， with a linear natural frequency of approximately 17.5?Hz， displays distinct amplitude peaks when excited within the 48–55?Hz range; 2) Corresponding frequency-spectrum analysis indicates that under 48?Hz excitation， the response frequency of the low-frequency beam stabilizes near 24?Hz， confirming a 2:1 internal resonance between the two structural modes; 3) When the excitation frequency is tuned to about 50?Hz， the system does not initially exhibit internal resonance under steady conditions; however， introducing an external perturbation reliably triggers a pronounced 2:1 resonant response， demonstrating the sensitive dependence of the phenomenon on initial conditions and external excitations. These results collectively illustrate the characteristic frequency-coupling behavior and activation threshold associated with 2:1 internal resonance in the magnetically coupled cantilever system. [Conclusions] Practical teaching experience and implementation results confirm that the proposed experimental platform is straightforward to assemble， employs well-standardized procedures， and demonstrates high practicality and ease of use in instructional settings. Furthermore， the platform has been shown to significantly enhance students’ grasp of fundamental nonlinear-dynamics concepts and to foster their integrated development in scientific inquiry， engineering insight， and hands-on experimental competency， thereby supporting a more inquiry-driven and applied pedagogy.
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Study on the design and analysis methods of orthogonal experiment
Liu Ruijiang,Zhang Yewang,Wen Chongwei,Tang Jian(School of Pharmaceutics,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013,China)The importance of orthogonal experimental design and analysis is introduced briefly.The principle and characteristic are expounded.The design methods of orthogonal experiment and analysis methods of orthogonal experimental results are analyzed in detail,which afford fully systemic methods for orthogonal experimental design and analysis.Problems in orthogonal experimental design and analysis and development of software for orthogonal experimental design and analysis are also pointed out in the end.
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Research on statistical analyses and countermeasures of 100 laboratory accidents
Li Zhihong;Training Department,Kunming Fire Command School;This paper summarizes 100typical cases of laboratory accidents from 2001and analyzes the cases in fields of accident type,accident link,accident cause,dangerous substance category,etc.The result shows as follows:the fire disasters and explosive accidents are the main types of laboratory accidents;the dangerous chemicals,instruments and equipment,and pressure vessels are main dangerous substances;the instruments and equipment and reagent application processes are the main links of accidents;the violation of rules,improper operation,carelessness,wire short circuit and aging are the main reasons of accidents.It also puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions for the prevention and control of laboratory accidents in the following aspects:establishing complete safety management system,actively promoting standard construction of laboratory safety,strengthening laboratory safety education and training,and formulating and improving emergency plans for laboratory accidents.
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Promotion of reform and innovation on integration of theory teaching and experimental teaching by virtual simulation experiment teaching
XIONG Hongqi;Based on the concept of experimental teaching and its importance, the connotation of virtual simulation experimental teaching is expounded upon. On this basis, this paper puts forward six balance principles that virtual simulation experimental teaching should follow to promote the upgrading and reconstruction of traditional experimental teaching and elaborates the reform idea of virtual simulation experiment teaching for the overall optimization and innovation of theory teaching. The brief analysis is carried out on that the introduction of virtual simulation experimental teaching is conducive to promoting innovation and entrepreneurship education into the whole process of professional education.
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The application of studying fluorescence spectroscopy on protein
Yin Yanxia,Xiang Benqiong,Tong Li(College of Life Science,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)Fluorescence spectroscopy is very important for studying protein structure and conformation changes.The concept and principle of fluorescence spectroscopy are introduced at first,then the application of studying fluorescence spectroscopy on protein is explained.
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Research and application of BOPPPS teaching method in MOOC teaching design
WU Changdong;JIANG Hua;CHEN Yongqiang;School of Electrical Engineering and Electronic Information,Xihua University;School of Information Science and Technology,Southwest Jiaotong University;On the basis of introducing the connotation of BOPPPS(bridge-in,objective,pre-assessment,participatory learning,post-assessment and summary)model,this paper explores upon the guiding role of the BOPPPS teaching model in MOOC teaching design.Based on the BOPPPS model,MOOC teaching design of"Series feedback voltage stabilization circuit"is carried out.This provides some reference for improving the quality of MOOC teaching design,stimulating students' learning interest and motivation,and promoting teachers' reform of teaching content design.
[Downloads: 3,866 ] [Citations: 270 ] [Reads: 46 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
The CNC machine tool with systematic work process and its application of teaching design
Li Yanxian(Department of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering,Nanjing Communications Institute of Technology,Nanjing 211188,China)According to professional training objectives and the main jobs of the structure of vocational skills and knowledge required to "CNC machine tools and spare parts" for the carrier,taking the CNC programming and operation of capacity-building as the center,this paper shows the design of the "knowledge of CNC machine tools,observation and analysis of CNC lathes,CNC milling machine to observe and analyze the processing center,programming and processing stepped shaft,threaded shaft of the programming and processing,hand wheel slot programming and processing,convex programming and processing of the template,the base of the programming and processing"of 9 items,25 learning environment,67 tasks,and one of the "convex template programming and processing" learning environment for the teaching unit design.
[Downloads: 383,505 ] [Citations: 7 ] [Reads: 128 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Study on the design and analysis methods of orthogonal experiment
Liu Ruijiang,Zhang Yewang,Wen Chongwei,Tang Jian(School of Pharmaceutics,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013,China)The importance of orthogonal experimental design and analysis is introduced briefly.The principle and characteristic are expounded.The design methods of orthogonal experiment and analysis methods of orthogonal experimental results are analyzed in detail,which afford fully systemic methods for orthogonal experimental design and analysis.Problems in orthogonal experimental design and analysis and development of software for orthogonal experimental design and analysis are also pointed out in the end.
[Downloads: 55,785 ] [Citations: 3,442 ] [Reads: 959 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Construction and actualization of new experimental teaching system for chemical specialty
YANG Jin-tian(Institute of Life Science,Huzhou Normal College,Huzhou 313000,China)The new system of chemical experiment teaching is constructed,and the comprehensive experiments,open experiments and research-oriented experiments are set up to improve the degree of source sharing,the efficiency of using equipment and the quality of experimental teaching,hence efficiently optimizing the practical abilities and fostering innovative spirit for the undergraduates are achieved.
[Downloads: 24,312 ] [Citations: 11 ] [Reads: 994 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Research on statistical analyses and countermeasures of 100 laboratory accidents
Li Zhihong;Training Department,Kunming Fire Command School;This paper summarizes 100typical cases of laboratory accidents from 2001and analyzes the cases in fields of accident type,accident link,accident cause,dangerous substance category,etc.The result shows as follows:the fire disasters and explosive accidents are the main types of laboratory accidents;the dangerous chemicals,instruments and equipment,and pressure vessels are main dangerous substances;the instruments and equipment and reagent application processes are the main links of accidents;the violation of rules,improper operation,carelessness,wire short circuit and aging are the main reasons of accidents.It also puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions for the prevention and control of laboratory accidents in the following aspects:establishing complete safety management system,actively promoting standard construction of laboratory safety,strengthening laboratory safety education and training,and formulating and improving emergency plans for laboratory accidents.
[Downloads: 10,626 ] [Citations: 567 ] [Reads: 119 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Practice and thinking of education of“College Students' Innovative and Entrepreneurial Training Program”based on tutor system
Qian Xiaoming;Rong Huawei;Qian Jingzhu;Office of Academic Affairs,Nanjing University of Technology;The innovation and entrepreneurship education has been included in the teaching and education program of college schools."College Students' Innovative and Entrepreneurship Training Program "has become an"Excellent Program"as one of the most important reform tasks in Ministry of Education.The tutor system is an effective way of innovative education and pilot training for both college schools and students.Students learn the method of innovation researches and technique of entrepreneurial process through the program.In the meanwhile,teachers in college schools find a new stage to improve their teaching ability.This article focuses on the project,practice and feasibility of the"College Students' Innovative and Entrepreneurial Training Program "under the tutor system.
[Downloads: 10,108 ] [Citations: 225 ] [Reads: 977 ] HTML PDF Cite this article