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Comprehensive verification testing of the HPR1000 control rod drive line
LIU Yanwu;CHEN Yongchao;ZHAO Maomao;WU Hebei;[Objective] As China's self-developed third-generation pressurized water reactor, the HPR1000 is equipped with an independently designed control rod drive line, which acts as pivotal equipment for reactor reactivity regulation, power maintenance, and emergency shutdown. The drive line is the only movable integrated unit inside the reactor, and its performance directly governs nuclear plant operational safety. Compared with second-generation nuclear power units, the HPR1000 imposes more stringent technical requirements: a 60-year design lifetime, a 0.3 g seismic resistance criterion, and Class 1 nuclear safety grade for rod position detectors, along with innovative designs including an integrated pressure-bearing shell and double-tooth latch claws. Current studies mostly focus on individual tests rather than the systematic, full-lifecycle, comprehensive verification of the complete drive line. Given its novelty and insufficient engineering verification, full-scale integrated tests are urgently required. This study assesses the lifetime safety function, operational reliability, and seismic performance of the HPR1000 drive line; verifies the rationality of the structural design and the accuracy of theoretical simulations; reveals the influencing mechanism of thermal-hydraulic and seismic factors; and fills the technical gap in full-cycle verification for third-generation nuclear power drive lines. [Methods] A full-lifecycle comprehensive verification framework was established following a rational test sequence of individual equipment, cold-and hot-state lifetime performance, and formal seismic tests, supplemented by seismic precursor and ultimate lifetime exploration tests. For single equipment verification, a counterweight lifetime test of the control rod drive mechanism(CRDM) was implemented with 6 million stepping cycles to simulate actual high-temperature and high-pressure operating environments. Qualification tests covering functional inspection, aging, irradiation, mechanical load, and seismic assessment were completed for rod position detectors using structurally reserved scaled specimens. Using 1∶1 full-scale prototypes identical to actual reactor components, cold-and hot-state integrated tests were carried out on a large thermal-hydraulic facility under four typical working conditions. Over 9.12 million stepping operations and 707 rod drop tests were performed, together with sensitivity tests covering variations in the main flow, reactor top bypass flow, misalignment, initial rod positions, and CRDM ventilation loss. A newly developed multi-point loading seismic test device was adopted to provide bidirectional multi-point excitation. Five half-safe shutdown earthquake(SSE) tests and one formal SSE test were conducted with conservative load margins. Comparative analyses were performed between horizontal-only and coupled horizontal–vertical seismic excitations, as well as between precursor and formal seismic tests using thermally aged prototypes.[Results] All rod drop time indicators under normal and seismic conditions fully satisfied design limits with sufficient safety margins. The CRDM maintained stable operation throughout the lifetime test, and double-tooth latch claw wear stayed within the allowable range, whereas cavitation on magnetic isolation plates prompted optimization to nickel-based alloy materials. Rod position detectors passed all qualification tests and met Class 1 safety requirements. Main flow prolonged rod drop time by forming flow resistance, whereas top bypass flow exerted a slight opposite effect. A 5 mm design-limited misalignment barely increased friction and rod drop time, whereas excessive misalignment caused a sharp increase in friction. Even under complete ventilation loss, the CRDM coil temperature remained below the 200 ℃ design threshold. Post-test inspection confirmed prototype integrity, with all wear characteristics within expectations. Seismic tests showed that horizontal excitation dominates variations in rod drop time, whereas vertical seismic impact was negligible. Rod drop time of aged prototypes increased moderately compared with precursor tests due to elevated surface friction, rendering the evaluation more conservative. [Conclusions] The HPR1000 control rod drive line fully meets the design criteria of a 60-year lifetime, 0.3 g seismic resistance, and nuclear safety requirements, with excellent comprehensive performance. This study established a complete verification platform and mastered core test and analysis technologies. It quantitatively characterized the effects of temperature, flow rate, misalignment, and seismic excitation on drive line dynamic performance and effectively validated theoretical calculation and simulation models. The study also explored the ultimate service potential of the drive line and proposed targeted material optimization schemes. The findings provide technical support for the safe operation of HPR1000 units and offer a reliable reference for the design and verification of similar nuclear-grade key equipment.
Innovation and application of simulation and virtual commissioning technologies for the HPR1000 reactor control system
PING Jialin;WANG Chunbing;MAO Wanchao;LU Chao;ZHANG Yitong;PENG Huaqing;[Objective] The reactor control system, the core system of a nuclear power plant, controls most of its operational processes. As the system is extremely complex, with strong coupling among control parameters, any flaws in its design could lead to abnormal operation or accidents, substantially impacting the safety and economics of the nuclear power unit. Therefore, comprehensive verification of the reactor control system design is essential. Most of the existing verification methods, such as static verification and partial simulation-based calculation verification, are single-system-type methods, leaving a substantial gap in multisystem-coupling verification. Nuclear power simulation/engineering simulators are used for debugging and verification of the reactor control system, helping evaluate control configurations and dynamic responses prior to unit commissioning, thereby reducing the risks associated with field tests. [Methods] In this study, the characteristics of the reactor control system of the HPR1000 first unit project were investigated by defining the simulation scope, identifying the interrelationships among reactor control systems, and innovatively applying advanced digital simulation technology to develop high-precision models of the control objects and the control entities themselves. These models were coupled and interconnected to design digital twin models. The features of such a reactor control system were verified by combining mechanistic models, digital computation, analytical capabilities, and new technologies, and by employing a virtual–real collaborative testing method. In addition, precise mapping of the system using a software-defined virtual space, dynamic simulation, analysis, and evaluation helped study the operating conditions of the reactor control system. Through virtual verification experiments, design flaws, potential vulnerabilities related to upstream design, and technical or manual errors were identified and corrected to optimize the reactor control system design, prevent potential accidents, and avoid significant accident losses. [Results] Simulations and analysis under normal and transient operating conditions were performed to systematically verify the logic design and parameter settings of the reactor control system. Typical transient events in nuclear power plants were simulated and extrapolated, providing technical support for multisystem-coupling design verification while addressing the shortcomings of single-system verification. The approach was applied to the Hualong-1 project. During its application to the verification of normal system operation, transient operation, and equipment selection schemes, various design issues were identified and resolved, demonstrating the effectiveness of the approach. This application avoided unnecessary shutdowns and operational errors in the actual unit, thereby improving the safety and economic efficiency of nuclear power plant commissioning and operation and demonstrating significant value for engineering application. [Conclusions] The digital simulation verification platform for reactor control systems allows the flexible setting of various events, facilitating convenient analysis and identification of issues. Correct logic design, accurate interfaces, and appropriate parameter settings, adhering to the nuclear industry's “safety first” norms, help resolve issues during the design and commissioning stages. This ensures the safe and economical operation of the nuclear power plant. Theoretical and technical references are provided on digital twin theory and technology, as well as for enterprises building and deploying digital twin systems. Based on the research findings, this study summarizes different innovative technologies and methods used in the reactor control system simulation and virtual commissioning, offering considerable reference value for the development and engineering application of complex systems in nuclear power plants.
Experimental verification of integrated reactor head structure development
FANG Jian;WU Hanzhu;LI Shilei;RAN Xiaobing;MO Shaojia;Tian Yawen;Shang Tengfei;[Objective] Scholars have extensively researched the development of the reactor head structure. Most studies focus on numerical analysis and partial experimental verification of temperature and flow fields in local areas surrounding specific reactor types. However, few studies examine the entire reactor pit. There is a lack of full-scale numerical simulations and experimental validation of natural convection flow fields and temperature fields covering the integrated reactor head structure, clusters of control rod drive mechanisms(CRDMs), reactor head cables, and reactor pit ambient conditions. This scarcity leaves a research gap in the comprehensive performance evaluation of the entire reactor pit. Based on the high-temperature-resistant control rod drive structure, this paper proposes an innovative design for the integrated reactor head structure. The proposed scheme eliminates the forced ventilation system for the reactor head. This approach enables modular installation and integral hoisting of the reactor head structure and components, which greatly simplifies refueling and overhaul of nuclear reactors. [Methods] In this research, the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) method is adopted. Following the coupling theory of heat conduction and convection with internal heat sources, the heat dissipation performance of three-phase media, including air, fluid, and metal inside the reactor head structure, is analyzed under two operating modes: natural convection and reactor cavity pool auxiliary ventilation. The flow field distribution of the reactor head structure and the heat dissipation effect of CRDM coils under diverse working conditions are thoroughly explored. Furthermore, a full-scale 1 : 1 test bench for the integrated reactor head structure is established to perform high-temperature ventilation tests to verify the accuracy and reliability of the numerical simulation results. The high-temperature ventilation test for the integrated reactor head structure realistically simulates the high-temperature ambient and heat dissipation conditions. The temperatures of CRDM coils, in the RGL(rod control and guide system)cables area, and in the RIC(reactor in-core instrumentation system) cables area of the reactor head structure comply with the design requirements. Compared with natural circulation, auxiliary ventilation markedly reduces the coil temperature and the air temperature around the reactor upper plenum. A comparison between test data and CFD simulation results shows that the overall variation trends of key reactor head structure components(including CRDM coils and air temperature distribution) are in good agreement, while certain deviations exist in the maximum temperature values. Under natural circulation conditions, the maximum temperature of high-temperature-resistant CRDM coils remains within the allowable range. The coil temperatures obtained from auxiliary ventilation tests match well with CFD predictions. However, the CFD-calculated coil temperatures under natural circulation are relatively low. Sensitivity analysis reveals that this discrepancy is associated with the setting of coil thermal resistance in the CFD model. The relatively low cable temperature in the RGL area under auxiliary ventilation is mainly attributed to the lower ambient temperature during the test. An obvious temperature difference exists between the test environment and the actual operating environment of a nuclear power plant. [Results] The results of CFD simulations and high-temperature ventilation tests on the integrated reactor head structure indicate that auxiliary ventilation through the reactor cavity pool delivers significantly superior heat dissipation performance compared with natural convection cooling. Coil temperature is reduced substantially, and the temperatures of all components in the reactor head structure are kept within permissible limits. The integrated reactor head structure adopts a truss structure, eliminating the forced ventilation system and seismic tie rods. [Conclusions] This design realizes modular installation and integral hoisting of the reactor head structure and simplifies the operation of upper plenum components during the opening and closing of the reactor head for refueling and overhaul. The integrated reactor head structure with auxiliary ventilation is proven effective and feasible. It meets all heat dissipation requirements, simplifies structural design, reduces refueling and overhaul times, and further enhances the operational reliability and economic efficiency of nuclear power plants.
Performance evaluation of life-saving equipment for ice-class ships under simulated extreme cold conditions
LI Pengcheng;WU Gang;XU Yangguang;HUANG Wei;FU Peng;LIU Zhibing;[Objective] Polar environments pose a severe threat to maritime safety, as extreme cold and ice accretion drastically increase the risk of equipment malfunction. Life-saving appliances(LSAs) are the final line of defense for personnel evacuation and survival. However, current marine LSAs frequently suffer from material embrittlement, mechanical blockage, and operational failure when exposed to extreme cold, leaving evacuees highly vulnerable. Despite the strict operational requirements mandated by the IMO Polar Code, there remains a critical lack of systematic, high-fidelity experimental frameworks for verifying the operating performance of LSA under extreme cold conditions. This study addresses this deficiency by developing a comprehensive environmental simulation and testing methodology to identify the specific failure mechanisms of polar LSA, thereby providing essential data to facilitate the polar-specific adaptation of maritime safety equipment. [Methods] Testing was conducted at the Far East Anti-Cold Laboratory using a large-scale environmental chamber capable of regulating temperatures down to -70 ℃, with a maximum cooling rate of 0.88 ℃/min and a temperature control accuracy of ±1 ℃. The test matrix included lifebuoys, lifejackets, fully enclosed lifeboats, immersion suits, and individual and group survival kits. To replicate dynamic equipment icing, the platform integrated a custom dual-path servo-driven subsystem that decoupled the supply temperature, pressure, and spray flow to generate precise supercooled water droplet conditions. The experimental protocol consisted of an 8 h deep-cold thermal equilibrium pre-treatment, followed by in-situ material evaluations(including a 2 m drop test), functional verification under 5 mm dynamic icing, and post-experiment recovery inspections. A multisource thermodynamic sensing network comprising 14 measurement points was used to continuously track spatial temperature gradients inside the equipment. [Results] Experimental data revealed distinct failure patterns across different LSA categories at-50 and-60 ℃. While primary structural LSA such as lifebuoys maintained mechanical integrity without macroscopic cracking, emergency survival kits experienced severe systemic failures. Polymer packaging exhibited cold embrittlement, making unsealing extremely difficult; liquid contents(e.g., hand sanitizers) froze; mechanical switches seized due to thermal contraction. Crucially, the freezing of nonmetallic zippers on immersion suits and lifejackets prevented unassisted donning. Under dynamic icing conditions, lifeboat doors and release hooks operated normally only after manual de-icing. Furthermore, the thermodynamic sensing network identified steep spatial temperature gradients within immersion suits and lifeboats, indicating significant heat distribution imbalances between localized heat sources and distal extremities. [Conclusions] The developed simulation platform and multisource measurement architecture successfully isolate the underlying material and functional failure mechanisms of LSA in polar conditions. The findings confirm that extreme cold and icing severely compromise the operational readiness of auxiliary survival gear and emergency donning mechanisms. Additionally, the internal heating strategies currently employed in LSA exhibit critical thermodynamic limitations. This study provides a robust methodological foundation and the necessary experimental evidence to guide material upgrades, thermal redesign, and system-level polar adaptation of maritime LSA.
Principle-Verification experimental platform for wind turbine gearbox under equivalent wind speed excitation
WAN Shuting;YANG Zelong;SHENG Xiaoling;[Objective] Wind turbine gearboxes are key components of wind power drivetrain systems; their vibrations are strongly affected by nonstationary input excitations arising from actual wind-field conditions. In practical operation, factors such as wind shear, tower shadow, and wind-speed distribution can induce periodic fluctuations in aerodynamic torque and rotational speed, which are transmitted along the drivetrain, producing amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and complex sideband structures in gearbox vibration signals. Although existing gearbox test platforms are mainly based on constant-speed driving or simplified loading conditions, it is difficult to reproduce the dynamic input characteristics of wind turbines under complex wind-speed disturbances. Conventional experimental platforms, which mostly focus on single-fault simulation or single-signal acquisition, cannot fully meet the requirements of fault mechanism analysis, feature extraction verification, and experimental teaching. To address these issues, this study develops a principle-verification experimental platform for wind turbine gearboxes under equivalent wind-speed excitation, with the aim of reproducing wind-induced low-frequency disturbances in the laboratory and investigating the influence of equivalent wind-speed excitation on gearbox vibration response and fault feature evolution. [Methods] The platform consists of a drive unit, a transmission unit, a power generation unit, and a control and test unit. The drive unit uses a servo motor and reducer structure and programmable speed commands(e.g., constant speed, step speed, ramp speed, random disturbance, and periodic disturbance) controlled through a programmable logic controller(PLC). The transmission unit includes a planetary gearbox and a parallel-shaft gearbox that facilitate comparative analysis of different gearbox structures. Based on wind shear and tower shadow effects, an equivalent wind-speed model is established, which can be transformed into a programmable input disturbance signal to reproduce the low-frequency fluctuations caused by the spatiotemporal distribution of wind speed at the drivetrain input side. Considering a single broken tooth fault of the planetary gearbox sun gear as a typical local fault, four operating conditions are designed: the normal state under constant wind speed, the normal state under equivalent wind speed, the broken-tooth fault under constant wind speed, and the broken-tooth fault under equivalent wind speed. Vibration signals are collected under the same sampling conditions, and time-domain analysis, frequency-domain analysis, and Hilbert envelope demodulation are used to identify rotational frequencies, gear meshing frequencies, fault characteristic frequencies, and modulation sidebands. [Results] The experimental results reveal that, under constant wind-speed conditions, the gearbox vibration amplitude is relatively stable and the waveform fluctuation is small, whereas under equivalent wind-speed excitation, the vibration amplitude increases and the waveform fluctuation becomes more obvious, indicating that the low-frequency disturbance can be effectively transmitted through the drivetrain. In the frequency and envelope spectra, additional modulation components related to equivalent wind speed are observed, especially sidebands at three times the rotor rotational frequency around the gear meshing frequency. For the sun gear broken-tooth fault, periodic impact components appear in the time-domain signal, and the fault characteristic frequency and its harmonics become prominent after envelope demodulation. Under the combined action of equivalent wind-speed excitation and the local tooth fault, the vibration spectrum presents a more complex sideband structure because of the superposition of wind-induced and fault-induced modulations. [Conclusions] Thus, the experimental platform can effectively reproduce equivalent wind-speed excitation, simulate typical gearbox faults, and collect vibration signals for fault feature analysis. The results also verify that equivalent wind-speed excitation can induce obvious low-frequency modulation characteristics in gearbox vibration and that the platform can identify broken-tooth fault features under both constant and disturbed input conditions. This platform provides experimental support for wind turbine gearbox fault mechanism analysis, feature extraction method verification, complex working condition simulation, and related experimental teaching.
Pedestrian detection experimental platform based on multi-source heterogeneous fusion considering sensor failures
WEI Wei;PAN Songyan;ZHOU Shirui;WANG Mingxin;[Objective] Pedestrian detection acts as a core fundamental task in intelligent driving environment perception systems. It directly supports vehicle safety functions including active obstacle avoidance and emergency braking. Single perception sensors have inherent performance defects: visible light cameras easily suffer imaging failure under dim light or strong glare; infrared cameras lose detection accuracy when ambient temperature approaches human body temperature; LiDAR obtains precise 3D spatial information but lacks semantic features and produces frequent false alarms. Most existing multi-source heterogeneous fusion methods focus on feature optimization but ignore dynamic sensor failure scenarios. Their fixed fusion logic cannot adapt to abnormal equipment conditions， which leads to high miss detection and false alarm rates in complex driving environments. In addition， current experimental teaching of traffic perception generally lacks comprehensive practical platforms covering complete engineering chains. This study constructs a multi-source heterogeneous sensor fusion pedestrian detection experimental platform considering sensor failures， to enhance detection robustness and provide support for engineering applications and experimental teaching. [Methods] This study builds a vehicle-mounted hardware experimental platform. It takes VLP-16 LiDAR， visible light camera and infrared camera as perception units， and adopts NVIDIA Jetson Xavier embedded platform as the core computing unit. For LiDAR point cloud data， the study applies Complex-YOLO algorithm to realize 3D pedestrian detection through bird’s eye view feature encoding. For visible and infrared images， it adopts lightweight YOLOv11n model to complete 2D pedestrian detection， balancing detection accuracy and real-time inference on embedded devices. The study implements spatio-temporal calibration of multi-sensor data via hardware timestamp synchronization and spatial coordinate transformation， to establish a unified data benchmark. A BP neural network is designed to identify sensor failure states based on four key image statistical features. It classifies visible light states into normal， local glare and overall darkness， and classifies infrared states into normal and low contrast. On this basis， the study proposes a dynamic decision-level fusion strategy. It associates detection targets from different sensors with the Hungarian matching algorithm， and adaptively adjusts fusion weights according to real-time sensor working states. [Results] Real-vehicle experiments are carried out in three typical driving scenarios: morning， noon and night， covering normal operation and typical failure modes of sensors. Test results show that the proposed fusion method achieves correct pedestrian detection rates of 97.94%， 96.98% and 94.96% in the three scenarios respectively. Compared with single-sensor detection schemes， the method increases the average correct detection rate by 5.23% and reduces the average number of false alarms by 78.26%. In the noon high-temperature scenario with infrared sensor failure， the method shields invalid infrared data and avoids obvious performance degradation. In the night low-light scenario with visible light sensor failure， it reduces the weight of visible light detection results and relies on LiDAR and infrared data to ensure stable detection performance. The method fully integrates complementary advantages of heterogeneous sensors， and effectively suppresses false alarms while reducing missed detections. [Conclusions] The proposed platform integrates hardware construction， algorithm design， failure discrimination and dynamic fusion. It solves the problem that traditional fixed fusion strategies have poor adaptability to sensor abnormal conditions. Lightweight detection algorithms and embedded hardware ensure stable real-time operation in vehicle-mounted scenarios. The dynamic fusion mechanism effectively improves the accuracy and environmental robustness of pedestrian detection in complex driving environments. The platform can provide technical reference for the engineering application of intelligent traffic perception systems， and also serve as a comprehensive experimental teaching carrier to help students establish systematic engineering cognition.
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Design and application of a pipe-flow multiphase erosion-corrosion experimental platform
MAO Geli;WUPUER Alifujiang;JIANG Yikun;ZHANG Yaxin;YIN Jianzhong;MA Xiaolin;[Objective] Multiphase erosion-corrosion in pipelines and elbows is caused by the combined action of particle impact， fluid shear， electrochemical corrosion， and their interaction. Existing rotary， jet-type， and conventional pipe-flow devices are limited in reproducing actual pipe-flow conditions， visualizing local flow behavior， comparing damage at different elbow positions， and obtaining mass-loss and electrochemical information under the same operating condition. Therefore， a pipe-flow multiphase erosion-corrosion experimental platform was designed to generate solid-liquid， gas-liquid， and gas-liquid-solid flow conditions， observe multiphase flow in a transparent elbow， characterize local damage， and quantitatively distinguish mechanical erosion， electrochemical corrosion， and their synergistic contribution. [Methods] The platform consisted of a material circulation system， a gas supply system， a transparent observation section， a 90° transparent elbow test section， a specimen installation unit， a mass-loss measurement module， a three-electrode electrochemical monitoring system， and a control and data acquisition system. Metal specimens were installed at the 0°， 45°， and 90° positions of the elbow. The specimens were embedded in epoxy resin， with the exposed metal surface flush with the inner wall. Blank epoxy specimens were tested simultaneously to correct the mass loss of the resin-covered area. A 20 steel specimen， a saturated calomel electrode， and a platinum electrode were used as the working， reference， and counter electrodes， respectively. Open-circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization curves were collected during operation， and mass loss was measured after cleaning， drying， and weighing the specimens. The platform was evaluated in terms of flow regulation accuracy， 8 h operating stability， repeatability， spatial resolution， and consistency between mass-loss and electrochemical results. Coal-water slurry and 20 steel were selected as the representative solid-liquid system. Flow velocities of 1.0–2.6 m/s and particle mass fractions of 5%–25% were investigated. Comparative slurry experiments and electrochemical measurements were further combined to separate total damage into mechanical erosion， electrochemical corrosion， and synergistic contributions. [Results] The platform successfully generated solid-liquid， gas-liquid， and gas-liquid-solid flow conditions. Within the adjustable velocity range of 0.5–3.0 m/s， the deviation between the measured and preset velocities was less than ±0.1 m/s. During continuous operation for 8 h， the flow fluctuation was less than ±3.5%， and the relative standard deviation of repeated experiments was below 7%. Under the same operating condition， the specimen at the 90° elbow position showed the greatest mass loss， followed by those at the 45° and 0° positions. The variation trends obtained from polarization curves were consistent with the mass-loss results. When the slurry velocity increased from 1.0 to 2.6 m/s， the erosion-corrosion rate at the 90° position increased from 2.16 to 4.12 mm/a. With increasing velocity， surface damage changed from scattered impact pits and shallow scratches to deeper grooves， impact craters， and local spalling. Increasing particle concentration generally increased the erosion-corrosion rate， but the increase gradually weakened at high concentrations because of intensified particle-particle collisions and shielding effects. The contribution of mechanical erosion increased from 22.69% to 53.25%， whereas the synergistic contribution decreased from 51.38% to 9.16% as the velocity increased from 1.0 to 2.6 m/s. [Conclusions] The developed platform integrates multiphase-flow generation， transparent visualization， multi-position specimen testing， mass-loss analysis， and electrochemical monitoring. It provides reliable flow control， stable long-duration operation， satisfactory repeatability， and sufficient spatial resolution. The platform can characterize the effects of flow velocity and particle concentration and quantitatively distinguish the contributions of mechanical erosion， electrochemical corrosion， and their synergistic interaction. It can be used for multiphase erosion-corrosion mechanism research， process equipment protection studies， experimental teaching， and student research training.
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Dilemmas and countermeasures for laboratory data sharing in the era of AI for Science
LI Zhenggang;[Objective] As the fifth paradigm of scientific research， AI for Science relies on a triad of "computing power， algorithms， and high-quality databases." Although China possesses the largest scientific research workforce and abundant experimental data resources， massive amounts of raw laboratory data remain dormant due to outdated recording standards， a lack of conversion mechanisms， and inadequate incentive systems. This prevents them from being transformed into "AI-Ready" datasets required for AI training， creating a critical bottleneck that restricts the development of AI for Science in China. Bridging this institutional gap holds significant strategic importance for improving the national innovation system and unlocking the value of data as a productive factor. [Methods] This paper constructs a three-dimensional analytical framework of "recording standards， data conversion， and sharing incentives" to systematically diagnose institutional bottlenecks. It selects the Genesis Mission of the United States， launched by a presidential executive order in November 2025 and implemented by the Department of Energy， together with the INDEX program of the Advanced Research Projects Agency for Health (ARPA-H)， as international benchmarks， comparing their institutional innovations in data conversion， quality control， and incentive mechanisms. Furthermore， using the National Genomics Data Center (NGDC) as a domestic case study， it analyzes the practical dilemmas of the "submission and preservation" model， and proposes a collaborative governance pathway accordingly. [Results] The study identifies threefold institutional gaps. First， a gap in recording standards， where current GLP/CNAS regulations do not accommodate metadata fields required for AI training， resulting in inconsistent raw record formats and conflicts between modification-tracking mechanisms and data cleaning. Second， a gap in conversion mechanisms， as research funding lacks designated budget lines for "data processing，" and the intellectual property ownership of cleaned datasets remains ambiguous. Third， a gap in incentives and constraints， as the current academic evaluation system does not treat data contributions on par with academic publications. Based on these findings， four solutions are proposed. Establish a "dual-track" quality management standard that distinguishes between raw records in regulatory scenarios and AI training datasets， and introduce a cleaning audit trail mechanism. In which every cleaning operation is documented with its content， rationale， operator， and applicable standard， so that raw data remain permanently archived while derived datasets are released independently. Create a dedicated funding category for "data management and conversion， " and promote "Data Transformation as a Service" (DTaaS) through national scientific data centers. Build a three-tier incentive system comprising "mandatory constraints upon project completion，" recognition in professional title evaluations， and preferential rewards， supported by the institutionalization of data papers and dataset citation. Implement a tiered and categorized security governance model featuring a "negative list plus green channel，" and promote federated learning to achieve "data usability without visibility." [Conclusions] AI for Science represents a systematic reconstruction of scientific research infrastructure， organizational forms， and evaluation systems. Laboratory data sharing cannot simply adopt a generic data governance framework; it must precisely address the specific institutional needs of transforming raw records into AI-Ready data. China should improve its institutional architecture for laboratory data sharing in a layered and categorized manner to unleash the scientific value of massive raw data， thereby laying a solid data foundation for the development of AI for Science. The proposed pathway is also expected to provide a reference for the governance of scientific data in other data-intensive fields.
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Identifying key influences on university government procurement supervision using R-based Grey-DEMATEL analysis
QI Tian;BAI Yuming;[Objective] Effective supervision of government procurement in higher education is essential for regulating procurement practices， mitigating operational risks， and improving resource allocation efficiency. However， current research has yet to establish a systematic analytical framework that captures the interrelationships and interactions among multiple factors. Therefore， this study develops a quantitative approach to analyze the interrelationships among influencing factors and clarify their internal linkages and functional characteristics in the supervision of government procurement at colleges and universities. [Methods] The influencing factors are organized into five core dimensions—institution， implementation， technology， external environment， and personnel—and 25 potential influencing factors are preliminarily identified. The Delphi method is employed for screening and validation. After three rounds of expert consultation， 12 influencing factors are selected. Experts involved in relevant procurement activities are invited to participate in a questionnaire. The collected data are analyzed using SPSS 27.0， with descriptive statistics and principal component analysis conducted to verify the validity of the sample data. Eight senior university procurement management experts are then invited to evaluate the mutual influence among the 12 factors using Grey System Theory. The scoring data are processed using Difference Pattern to eliminate dimensional differences and standardize the direct and comprehensive influence matrices. Centrality and causality degrees are subsequently calculated， and a heatmap is generated using the R programming language. [Results] (1) The level of informatization， social participation in oversight， the completeness of laws and regulations， blockchain applications， and the intensity of government supervision are identified as driving factors. Process transparency， the effectiveness of internal controls， the costs associated with violations， mechanisms for decentralized oversight， the professional competence of procurement staff， integrity awareness， and the standardization of budget management are identified as outcome factors. (2) Government supervision， the effectiveness of internal controls， the professional competence of procurement staff， and process transparency are the key influencing factors. These are followed by the design of decentralized oversight mechanisms， social participation in oversight， the costs of violations， the standardization of budget management， the completeness of laws and regulations， the professional competence of procurement staff， and the level of informatization. These factors support the core elements and are also important for the proper functioning of the oversight system. Blockchain technology application is the least interconnected technical factor， indicating that it has not yet achieved deep systemic integration with the core influencing factors and that its comprehensive effects have not been fully realized. (3) A comparison with current government procurement supervision practices in colleges and universities reveals consistency in the roles of informatization level， process transparency， budget management standardization， government regulatory intensity， integrity awareness， and the professional competence of procurement personnel. In contrast， social participation in supervision， supervisory decentralization mechanism， the completeness of laws and regulations， violation costs， internal control effectiveness， and blockchain applications diverge from current practice. These divergences are primarily characterized by underestimated implementation difficulties， gaps between policy and practice， insufficient deterrence， and forward-looking heterogeneity. [Conclusions] Matrix heat map analysis in R under the Grey-DEMATEL model helps identify potential chain reactions arising from changes in certain influencing factors， thereby supporting timely corrective actions. This approach provides theoretical support and practical insights for improving the effectiveness of government procurement in higher education institutions.
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Internal logic and reform path of state key laboratory restructuring under new circumstances
CHENG Shan;XU Biheng;[Significance] Since 2022， China has undertaken a comprehensive restructuring of the State Key Laboratory (SKL) system. After three years of systematic adjustment， the construction of SKLs has entered a critical stage of implementation and evaluation. This reform represents more than an institutional renaming or adjustment; it constitutes a fundamental transformation in the underlying logic of the national innovation system. As important components of China’s national scientific and technological capacity， SKLs are entrusted with the strategic mission of addressing critical technology challenges and supporting high-level scientific and technological self-reliance. However， several deep-seated issues remain， including ambiguous strategic positioning， rigid resource allocation mechanisms， barriers to interdisciplinary collaboration， and outdated evaluation systems. It is therefore important to systematically examine the internal logic and reform pathways underlying the restructuring， thereby providing theoretical support and practical guidance for the subsequent development， operation， and management of SKLs. [Progress] This study analyzes the intrinsic logic of SKL reform from four dimensions: innovation logic， resource allocation， organizational form， and spatial layout. In terms of innovation logic， the reform represents a shift from a relatively closed， discipline-based model toward an open， problem-oriented approach centered on national strategic demands. In terms of resource allocation， the reform moves beyond the long-established identity-based funding framework toward mechanisms that place greater emphasis on actual contributions， performance， and competitive allocation. In organizational terms， SKLs are no longer confined to individual institutional entities; instead， the reform encourages cross-institutional and cross-regional collaborative networks. In terms of spatial layout， greater emphasis is placed on integrating SKLs with regional industrial clusters， facilitating the deep convergence of innovation and industrial chains. The study further identifies five core reform pathways. First， access reform relaxes the traditional institutional eligibility criteria associated with “Double First-Class” universities， creating greater opportunities for non-“Double First-Class” institutions to enter the SKL system. Second， positioning reform clarifies that SKLs should focus on national strategic needs and major technological challenges rather than primarily on general academic exploration. Third， structural optimization promotes deeper integration among universities， research institutes， and enterprises. Fourth， mechanism innovation encourages diversified governance arrangements， including “core + network” organizational structures. Fifth， evaluation reform shifts the focus from conventional indicators such as publication output and project counts toward measurable contributions to national strategic objectives. Through case analysis， this study examines the restructuring practices of several non-“Double First-Class” institutions， including five universities in Hubei Province that obtained SKL approvals， Shenzhen University， which now hosts five SKLs， North University of China， which leads the construction of two SKLs， and Southern Medical University， which established the National Key Laboratory of Multi-Organ Injury Prevention and Treatment. These cases illustrate how the restructuring has created new development opportunities for non-“Double First-Class” universities and provide empirical support for the feasibility of a contribution-oriented approach to resource allocation. [Conclusions and Prospects] Despite these positive developments， the reform continues to face practical challenges， including limited governance efficiency， difficulties in coordinating diverse entities， fragmentation of innovation resources， and underdeveloped evaluation mechanisms. To address these challenges， the study proposes five practical priorities: accurately defining the strategic orientation of individual laboratories; strengthening collaborative innovation across disciplines， institutions， and sectors; implementing contribution-oriented evaluation mechanisms; aligning laboratory activities with national strategic priorities; and promoting openness， cooperation， and resource sharing. These recommendations provide a basis for the continued construction， operation， and management of SKLs. Future research should further explore the dynamic mechanisms through which SKLs adapt to institutional change and develop differentiated evaluation systems， thereby supporting the high-quality development of the SKL system and contribution systems， thereby supporting the high-quality development of the SKL system and contributing to China’s pursuit of high-level scientific and technological self-reliance.
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Study on the design and analysis methods of orthogonal experiment
Liu Ruijiang,Zhang Yewang,Wen Chongwei,Tang Jian(School of Pharmaceutics,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013,China)The importance of orthogonal experimental design and analysis is introduced briefly.The principle and characteristic are expounded.The design methods of orthogonal experiment and analysis methods of orthogonal experimental results are analyzed in detail,which afford fully systemic methods for orthogonal experimental design and analysis.Problems in orthogonal experimental design and analysis and development of software for orthogonal experimental design and analysis are also pointed out in the end.
[Downloads: 55,909 ] [Citations: 3,450 ] [Reads: 1625 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Research on statistical analyses and countermeasures of 100 laboratory accidents
Li Zhihong;Training Department,Kunming Fire Command School;This paper summarizes 100typical cases of laboratory accidents from 2001and analyzes the cases in fields of accident type,accident link,accident cause,dangerous substance category,etc.The result shows as follows:the fire disasters and explosive accidents are the main types of laboratory accidents;the dangerous chemicals,instruments and equipment,and pressure vessels are main dangerous substances;the instruments and equipment and reagent application processes are the main links of accidents;the violation of rules,improper operation,carelessness,wire short circuit and aging are the main reasons of accidents.It also puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions for the prevention and control of laboratory accidents in the following aspects:establishing complete safety management system,actively promoting standard construction of laboratory safety,strengthening laboratory safety education and training,and formulating and improving emergency plans for laboratory accidents.
[Downloads: 10,675 ] [Citations: 569 ] [Reads: 201 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Promotion of reform and innovation on integration of theory teaching and experimental teaching by virtual simulation experiment teaching
XIONG Hongqi;Based on the concept of experimental teaching and its importance, the connotation of virtual simulation experimental teaching is expounded upon. On this basis, this paper puts forward six balance principles that virtual simulation experimental teaching should follow to promote the upgrading and reconstruction of traditional experimental teaching and elaborates the reform idea of virtual simulation experiment teaching for the overall optimization and innovation of theory teaching. The brief analysis is carried out on that the introduction of virtual simulation experimental teaching is conducive to promoting innovation and entrepreneurship education into the whole process of professional education.
[Downloads: 4,982 ] [Citations: 319 ] [Reads: 168 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Research and application of BOPPPS teaching method in MOOC teaching design
WU Changdong;JIANG Hua;CHEN Yongqiang;School of Electrical Engineering and Electronic Information,Xihua University;School of Information Science and Technology,Southwest Jiaotong University;On the basis of introducing the connotation of BOPPPS(bridge-in,objective,pre-assessment,participatory learning,post-assessment and summary)model,this paper explores upon the guiding role of the BOPPPS teaching model in MOOC teaching design.Based on the BOPPPS model,MOOC teaching design of"Series feedback voltage stabilization circuit"is carried out.This provides some reference for improving the quality of MOOC teaching design,stimulating students' learning interest and motivation,and promoting teachers' reform of teaching content design.
[Downloads: 3,883 ] [Citations: 273 ] [Reads: 243 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
The application of studying fluorescence spectroscopy on protein
Yin Yanxia,Xiang Benqiong,Tong Li(College of Life Science,Beijing Normal University,Beijing 100875,China)Fluorescence spectroscopy is very important for studying protein structure and conformation changes.The concept and principle of fluorescence spectroscopy are introduced at first,then the application of studying fluorescence spectroscopy on protein is explained.
[Downloads: 5,412 ] [Citations: 270 ] [Reads: 1662 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
The CNC machine tool with systematic work process and its application of teaching design
Li Yanxian(Department of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering,Nanjing Communications Institute of Technology,Nanjing 211188,China)According to professional training objectives and the main jobs of the structure of vocational skills and knowledge required to "CNC machine tools and spare parts" for the carrier,taking the CNC programming and operation of capacity-building as the center,this paper shows the design of the "knowledge of CNC machine tools,observation and analysis of CNC lathes,CNC milling machine to observe and analyze the processing center,programming and processing stepped shaft,threaded shaft of the programming and processing,hand wheel slot programming and processing,convex programming and processing of the template,the base of the programming and processing"of 9 items,25 learning environment,67 tasks,and one of the "convex template programming and processing" learning environment for the teaching unit design.
[Downloads: 383,527 ] [Citations: 7 ] [Reads: 209 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Study on the design and analysis methods of orthogonal experiment
Liu Ruijiang,Zhang Yewang,Wen Chongwei,Tang Jian(School of Pharmaceutics,Jiangsu University,Zhenjiang 212013,China)The importance of orthogonal experimental design and analysis is introduced briefly.The principle and characteristic are expounded.The design methods of orthogonal experiment and analysis methods of orthogonal experimental results are analyzed in detail,which afford fully systemic methods for orthogonal experimental design and analysis.Problems in orthogonal experimental design and analysis and development of software for orthogonal experimental design and analysis are also pointed out in the end.
[Downloads: 55,909 ] [Citations: 3,450 ] [Reads: 1625 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Construction and actualization of new experimental teaching system for chemical specialty
YANG Jin-tian(Institute of Life Science,Huzhou Normal College,Huzhou 313000,China)The new system of chemical experiment teaching is constructed,and the comprehensive experiments,open experiments and research-oriented experiments are set up to improve the degree of source sharing,the efficiency of using equipment and the quality of experimental teaching,hence efficiently optimizing the practical abilities and fostering innovative spirit for the undergraduates are achieved.
[Downloads: 24,314 ] [Citations: 11 ] [Reads: 1641 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Research on statistical analyses and countermeasures of 100 laboratory accidents
Li Zhihong;Training Department,Kunming Fire Command School;This paper summarizes 100typical cases of laboratory accidents from 2001and analyzes the cases in fields of accident type,accident link,accident cause,dangerous substance category,etc.The result shows as follows:the fire disasters and explosive accidents are the main types of laboratory accidents;the dangerous chemicals,instruments and equipment,and pressure vessels are main dangerous substances;the instruments and equipment and reagent application processes are the main links of accidents;the violation of rules,improper operation,carelessness,wire short circuit and aging are the main reasons of accidents.It also puts forward the countermeasures and suggestions for the prevention and control of laboratory accidents in the following aspects:establishing complete safety management system,actively promoting standard construction of laboratory safety,strengthening laboratory safety education and training,and formulating and improving emergency plans for laboratory accidents.
[Downloads: 10,675 ] [Citations: 569 ] [Reads: 201 ] HTML PDF Cite this article
Practice and thinking of education of“College Students' Innovative and Entrepreneurial Training Program”based on tutor system
Qian Xiaoming;Rong Huawei;Qian Jingzhu;Office of Academic Affairs,Nanjing University of Technology;The innovation and entrepreneurship education has been included in the teaching and education program of college schools."College Students' Innovative and Entrepreneurship Training Program "has become an"Excellent Program"as one of the most important reform tasks in Ministry of Education.The tutor system is an effective way of innovative education and pilot training for both college schools and students.Students learn the method of innovation researches and technique of entrepreneurial process through the program.In the meanwhile,teachers in college schools find a new stage to improve their teaching ability.This article focuses on the project,practice and feasibility of the"College Students' Innovative and Entrepreneurial Training Program "under the tutor system.
[Downloads: 10,111 ] [Citations: 225 ] [Reads: 1641 ] HTML PDF Cite this article